Table 2.
Inhibitory effects of drugs or agents on the production of cytokines, mediators, and substances induced by virus infection.
| Viruses | Sample(s) and specimen(s) | Reference number | Cytokines, mediators, and substances |
|---|---|---|---|
| RV | Corticosteroids | ||
| Fluticasone | [33] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
| [34] | IL-6 | ||
| Budesonide | [35] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL10 (IP-10), IL-6, FGF, VEGF | |
| Dexamethasone | [36] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, TNF-α, ICAM-1 | |
| β 2 agonists | |||
| Salmeterol | [33] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
| Formoterol | [35] | CXCL8 (IL-8), FGF | |
| Procaterol | [39] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, ICAM-1 | |
| Anticholinergics | |||
| Tiotropium | [40] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, ICAM-1 | |
| Other drugs or agents | |||
| Erythromycin, carbocisteine, lansoprazole, or hochu-ekki-to |
[37, 38] [45, 46] |
IL-1, IL-6, L-8, TNF-α, ICAM-1 | |
| Nitric oxide | [47] | CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
| IFN-β | [48] | IL-6, CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
|
| |||
| Flu | Clarithromycin or carbocisteine | [55, 56] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8 |
|
| |||
| RSV | Clarithromycin or carbocisteine | [61, 77] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8 |
RV: rhinovirus; Flu: influenza virus; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; IL: interleukin.
Other nonstandard abbreviations are described in the text.