Figure 1.

Simulation results. (a–d) illustrate the scenarios simulated: (a) positive pleiotropy, alt. common effect across environments; (b) positive pleiotropy, alt. common effect across environments, with size of effect differing between traits/environments; (c) effect only on one trait, alt. only in one environment; (d) negative pleiotropy, alt. opposite effect across environments. (e) shows the estimated relationship between power and false discovery rate (FDR) using six different statistical tests (see text and Online Methods) for the scenario described in (a). (f) shows the estimated relationship between power and false discovery rate (FDR) for the scenario described in (b). (g) shows the estimated relationship between power and false discovery rate (FDR) for the scenario described in (c). (h) shows the estimated relationship between power and false discovery rate (FDR) for the scenario described in (d). Dots on curves denote nominal Bonferroni-corrected 5% significance thresholds. Note that both power and FDR are calculated with respect to the single focal locus, only.