Table 2.
Unadjusted differences in measures of estimated dietary intake of ω-3 and mean blood levels according to growing pains at 8.5 years
| No growing pains | Growing pains | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal prenatal FFQ (mean (SD)) | |||
| Total ω-3 | 0.15 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.15) | 0.614 |
| DHA | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.593 |
| EPA | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.654 |
| Breastfeeding duration | |||
| None (20.7%) | 1172 (77.7%) | 336 (22.3%) | 0.193 |
| Up to 3 months (31.2%) | 1775 (78.2%) | 495 (21.8%) | |
| >3 months (48.2%) | 2797 (79.7%) | 712 (20.3%) | |
| Child FFQ at 3 years (mean (SD)) | |||
| Total n3 | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.443 |
| DHA | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.449 |
| EPA | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.439 |
| Child FFQ at 6 years (mean (SD)) | |||
| Total n3 | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.173 |
| DHA | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.217 |
| EPA | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.233 |
| Child plasma levels at 7 years (mean (SD)) | |||
| AA (20:4n6) | 6.45 (1.32) | 6.36 (1.32) | 0.087 |
| DHA (22:6n3) | 1.89 (0.52) | 1.90 (0.53) | 0.426 |
| EPA (20:5n3) | 0.64 (0.20) | 0.64 (0.20) | 0.797 |
| LA (18:2n6) | 30.6 (3.16) | 30.7 (3.25) | 0.511 |
| ALA (18:3n3) | 0.71 (0.28) | 0.72 (0.27) | 0.318 |
| Maternal prenatal red cell levels (mean (SD)) | |||
| AA (20:4n6) | 6.16 (2.98) | 6.11 (2.97) | 0.727 |
| DHA (22:6n3) | 2.32 (1.36) | 2.25 (1.31) | 0.215 |
| EPA (20:5n3) | 0.27 (0.18) | 0.27 (0.17) | 0.331 |
| LA (18:2n6) | 11.10 (2.70) | 10.98 (2.82) | 0.610 |
| ALA (18:3n3) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.676 |
AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; DHA, decosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FFQ, calculated from seafood intake using food frequency questionnaire; LA, linoleic acid.