Table 1.

List of cognitively passive and active learning behaviors that students reported in their study surveys

Cognitively passive learning behaviors	Cognitively active learning behaviors
I previewed the reading before class.	I asked myself: “How does it work?” and “Why does it work this way?”
I came to class.	I drew my own flowcharts or diagrams.
I read the assigned text.	I broke down complex processes step-by-step.
I reviewed my class notes.	I wrote my own study questions.
I rewrote my notes.	I reorganized the class information.
I made index cards.	I compared and contrasted.
I highlighted the text.	I fit all the facts into a bigger picture.
I looked up information.	I tried to figure out the answer before looking it up.
I asked a classmate or tutor to explain the material to me.	I closed my notes and tested how much I remembered.
	I asked myself: “How are individual steps connected?” and “Why are they connected?”
	I drew and labeled diagrams from memory and figured out missing pieces.
	I asked myself: “How does this impact my life?” and “What does it tell me about my body?”
	I used Bloom's taxonomy to write my own study questions