Table 5.

Exam format and gender differences in GPA and final exam performance^a

			Final exam question category
	GPAb		FE total		CR total		MC total		MC lower		MC higher
Exam format and gender	Mann-Whitney U	P	Mann-Whitney U	p	Mann-Whitney U	p	Mann-Whitney U	p	Mann-Whitney U	p	Mann-Whitney U	p
Exam format	15,829	0.053	23,622	0.001*	24,541	<0.001*	23,096	0.005*	22,114	0.050*	24,035	<0.001*
Gender	11,836	0.524	11,047	0.032*	12,943	0.893	10,694	0.010*	10,989	0.027*	10,207	0.002*

*Significant at the p < 0.05 level, (*) marginally significant at p = 0.05.

^ap values and associated Mann-Whitney U statistics are shown.

^bGPA (mean ± SEM) is based on smaller sample sizes (MC: 231; MC+SA: 155; male: 129; female: 176) of students who reported their start-of-semester GPA. An independent sample Mann-Whitney U-test was used (Mann-Whitney U decimals were rounded up from 0.5 to 1.0). p values are reported after Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons.