Fig. 1.

Relationship between male dominance rank and glucocorticoids (A) or testosterone (B) concentrations. The y axis represents the residuals of log-transformed hormone concentration obtained from a GLMM including age, environmental factors and hierarchy stability as fixed factors, male identity as a random factor (23). Each value represents the mean ± SE across male monthly averages. The dotted lines represent the regression lines determined using all the monthly male hormone values. N = number of monthly averages, N = number of males. Sample sizes in A and B are the same. Note that this visualization is not a substitute for the full statistical model results which are presented in table 1.