Fig. 3.

Differences between alpha and beta males in the proportion of challenges received, rate of grooming received, number of agonistic encounters and consort time. Each bar represents the mean ± SE of the difference between the alpha and beta male within a group-month (alpha value minus beta value). N = number of alpha-beta pairs. For each analysis, an alpha-beta pair is represented by a single value that represents the overall difference over time for that pair. Any pair is included if data were available for the pair for at least three months and if at least one member of the pair had a non-zero value during that time (23).