Table 3.
Neonatal and Maternal Characteristics and 18-Month Neurodevelopmental Outcomes by Autism Screening Results
| Variable | All (N=554) |
No Positive Screens (N=441) |
1 Positive Screen (N=90) |
2 or 3 Positive Screens (N=23) |
1 vs. 0 Positive Screens p |
2 or 3 vs. 0 Positive Screens p |
2 or 3 vs. 1 Positive Screens p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal Characteristics | |||||||
| Gestational age | 25 ± 1 | 25 ± 1 | 25 ± 1 | 25 ± 1 | 0.560 | 0.656 | 0.913 |
| Birth weight | 786 ± 157 | 786 ± 157 | 775 ± 145 | 706 ± 123 | 0.600 | 0.017 | 0.034 |
| Male | 287 (52) | 212 (48) | 61 (68) | 14 (61) | < 0.001 | 0.235 | 0.531 |
| Multiple birth | 113 (20) | 95 (22) | 17 (19) | 1 (4) | 0.567 | 0.047 | 0.089 |
| BPD | 272 (49) | 218 (49) | 42 (47) | 12 (52) | 0.601 | 0.856 | 0.670 |
| NEC | 43 (8) | 31 (7) | 9 (10) | 3 (13) | 0.334 | 0.282 | 0.672 |
| Sepsis | 202 (36) | 154 (35) | 38 (42) | 10 (43) | 0.194 | 0.407 | 0.913 |
| IVH/PVL | 101 (18) | 79 (18) | 21 (23) | 1 (4) | 0.231 | 0.093 | 0.040 |
| Ventilation days | 26 ± 24 | 26 ± 24 | 26 ± 23 | 37 ± 28 | 0.875 | 0.034 | 0.061 |
| Days in hospital | 107 ± 36 | 105 ± 34 | 110 ± 34 | 130 ± 52 | 0.156 | 0.001 | 0.033 |
| Maternal Characteristics | |||||||
| Maternal age > 35 | 89 (16) | 71 (16) | 14 (16) | 4 (17) | 0.891 | 0.874 | 0.830 |
| Race | |||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 186 (34) | 143 (32) | 37 (41) | 6 (26) | 0.119 | 0.517 | 0.185 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 242 (44) | 211 (48) | 25 (28) | 6 (26) | < 0.001 | 0.040 | 0.871 |
| Hispanic | 102 (18) | 74 (17) | 21 (23) | 7 (30) | 0.145 | 0.095 | 0.481 |
| Other | 22 (4) | 11 (2) | 7 (8) | 4 (17) | 0.012 | < 0.001 | 0.165 |
| Education | |||||||
| Less than high school | 88 (16) | 61 (14) | 22 (24) | 5 (22) | 0.012 | 0.290 | 0.786 |
| High school graduate | 328 (59) | 266 (60) | 50 (56) | 12 (52) | 0.402 | 0.437 | 0.771 |
| More than high school | 138 (25) | 114 (26) | 18 (20) | 6 (26) | 0.242 | 0.980 | 0.524 |
| Medicaid | 244 (44) | 192 (44) | 39 (43) | 13 (57) | 0.972 | 0.222 | 0.257 |
| 18-Month Outcomes | |||||||
| Moderate CP | 16 (3) | 11 (2) | 4 (4) | 1 (4) | 0.309 | 0.585 | 0.984 |
| NDI | 42 (8) | 23 (5) | 12 (13) | 7 (30) | 0.004 | < 0.001 | 0.054 |
| Cognitive impairment (<70) | 28 (5) | 10 (2) | 11 (12) | 7 (30) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.035 |
| Language impairment (<70) | 72 (13) | 30 (7) | 26 (29) | 16 (70) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BITSEA Scores | |||||||
| Problem Score | 12 ± 7 | 12 ± 6 | 16 ± 8 | 15 ± 9 | < 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.704 |
| Competence Score | 17 ± 4 | 17 ± 3 | 14 ± 4 | 12 ± 4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
| ASD-Specific Items | 13 ± 4 | 12 ± 3 | 16 ± 4 | 19 ± 5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.006 |
N (%); Mean ± SD