Table 3.

Suggested predictive molecular biomarkers for renal cancer treatment.

Drug	Symbol	Full Name	pts #	Ref.
sunitinib	VEGF-A	Vascular endothelial growth factor A	38	42
	VEGF-C	Vascular endothelial growth factor C	61	[69]
	VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor	85	[70]
			42	[71]
			55	[72]
	sVEGFR-2	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
	sVEGFR-3	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3
			61	[69]
	rs307826	rs307826: VEGFR-3 missense polymorphisms	89	[73]
	VEGF SNP 936 and VEGFR2 SNP 889	Combination of these two SNPs	63	[74]
	TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor- α	31	[75]
	MMP-9	Matrix metallopeptidase 9
	NGAL	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin	85	[70]
	bFGF	Basic fibroblast growth factor	38	42
	IL-8	Interleukin-8	20	[76]
	HIF1A	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1	43	43
	HIF2A	Hypoxia-inducible factor 2
	Peptides	Histones, Rho GTPase activating protein 29, CK1	15	44
sorafenib	VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor	712	[10, 77]
	CAIX	Carbonic anhydrase 9	94	[78]
pazopanib	sVEGFR-2	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2	225	[79]
	IL-8 and HIF1A	Polymorphisms in IL-8 and HIF1A	397	[80]
	IL-8	Interleukin-8	129	45
	IL-6	Interleukin-6	225	46
	OPN	Osteopontin
	HGF	Hepatocyte growth factor
			129	47
temsirolimus	LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase	404	[81]
	pS6	Phospho-S6	20	[82]
VEGF targeted therapy *	VHL	Loss of function mutations of VHL	123	[83]
IL-2	CAIX	Carbonic anhydrase 9	66	[84]
	VEGF and FN1	Vascular endothelial growth factor and Fibronectin	60	[85]
	Bcl-2 and Fas	B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 and Fas	40	[86]
IFN-α and low-dose IL-2	Bcl-2	B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2	40	[87]
celecoxib and IFN- α	COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2	25	[88]

^*sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib and bevacizumab

Abbreviations: VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor, sVEGFR-2: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in serum, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α, MMP-9: Matrix metallopeptidase 9, NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor, IL-8: Interleukin-8, HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor, CK1: casein kinase 1, CAIX: Carbonic anhydrase 9, IL-6: Interleukin-6, OPN: Osteopontin, HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, pS6: Phospho-S6, VHL: von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, FN1: Fibronectin, Bcl-2: B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2.