Table 2A. Temporal profile of TNF mRNA and protein in experimental stroke.
| Ischemia model | Strain | Method | Time profile and cellular synthesis | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse | ||||
| Proximal tMCAO (1 hour, suture) | BALB/c | RT-PCR | Elevated TNF mRNA from 6 to 48 hours. Peak expression at 24 hours (0.5 hours, and 1 hour during tMCAO and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours) | Ohtaki et al (2004) |
| Immuno | Cells observed at 1 hour and again from 12 to 48 hours. Expression by MAP2+ and NF200+ neurons, CNP+ oligodendrocytes and F4/80+ microglia/macrophages | |||
| Proximal pMCAO (filament) | C57BL/6 | RPA | Elevated TNF mRNA from 4 to 96 hours. Peak expression at 10 to 18 hours (1, 4, 10, 18, and 96 hours) | Hill et al (1999) |
| Proximal tMCAO (2 hours, filament) | C57BL/6 | RPA | Elevated TNF mRNA from 4 to 96 hours. Peak expression at 10 to 18 hours (1, 4, 10, 18, and 96 hours) | Hill et al (1999) |
| Distal pMCAO (electrocoagulation) | C57BL/6x129 | ISH | Cells observed from 6 to 24 hours. Peak numbers at 12 hours. Expression by GFAP− microglia/macrophage-like cells (6, 12, 24, 48 hours, 5, 10 days) | Gregersen et al (2000) |
| Western blot | Elevated TNF from 2 to 48 hours (2, 12, 48 hours, 5 days) | |||
| Distal pMCAO (electrocoagulation) | C57BL/6x129 BalB/C SJL | ISH | Peak numbers at 12 hours. Expression by GFAP−cells (12, 24 hours) | Lambertsen et al (2002) |
| Immuno | Peak numbers at 24 hours. CD11b+ microglia-macrophages (12, 24 hours) | |||
| Distal pMCAO (electrocoagulation) | BoyJ Chimeric BoyJ | Flow | Cells observed from 6 to 24 hours. Elevated numbers at 12 hours, peak numbers at 24 hours. Expression in TCRβ−, GFAP−, Gr1−, CD11b+CD45+ microglia and macrophages (6, 12, 24 hours) and in control cortex | Clausen et al (2008) |
| Immuno | Expression investigated only at 24 hours. CD11b+ microglia/macrophages | |||
| Distal pMCAO (electrocoagulation) | SJL | Real-time RT-PCR | Elevated TNF mRNA from 4 hours–5 days. Peak expression at 12 hours (30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 hours, 2, 5, 10 days) | Lambertsen et al (2005) |
| ISH | Cells observed from 4 to 24 hours. Peak numbers at 12 hours. Expression in GFAP− microglial-macrophage-like cells | |||
| Immuno | Cells observed from 4 hours–2 days. Peak numbers at 24 hours. Expression in CD11b+ microglial-macrophage-like cells | |||
| Distal pMCAO (electrocoagulation) | C57BL/6 Chimeric C57BL/6 | Real-time RT-PCR | Elevated TNF mRNA from 6 hours. Peak expression at 12 hours (1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 2 hours) | Lambertsen et al (2009) |
| ISH | Cells observed from 4 hours. NeuN− microglia/macrophage-like cells (4, 6, 12, and 24 hours) | |||
| Immuno | Cells observed at 4–24 hours. Expression in NeuN−, Mac-1+ microglia/macrophages (6, 12, and 24 hours) | |||
| Flow | Cells observed from 6 to 24 hours. Elevated numbers at 24 hours. Expression in TCRβ−, GFAP−, Gr1−, CD11b+CD45dimGFP− microglia and CD11b+CD45highGFP+ macrophages (6, 12, and 24 hours) | |||
| Rat | ||||
| Proximal pMCAO (electrocoagulation) | SHR | ISH | Cells observed from 30 minutes, increased numbers from 3 to 6 hours, reduced numbers from 8 hours–2 days. Microglial/macrophage morphology. Cellular morphology changes from ramified at 3 hours to round at 8 hours (30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, 8 hours, 1, 2, 4, and 6 days) | Buttini et al (1996) |
| RT-PCR | TNF mRNA increased at 30 minutes, peak expression at 3 hours (30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, 8 hours, 1, 2, 4 days) | |||
| Immuno | Cells observed at 30 minutes. Otherwise similar to ISH. Colocalization of GSI-B4+ microglia/macrophages from 6 hours | |||
| Western blot | Increased levels at 3 hours. Peak levels from 8 hours to1 day | |||
| Proximal tMCAO (2 hours, suture) | SD | Real-time RT-PCR | Elevated TNF mRNA from 3 to 24 hours. Peak expression at 6 hours. Leukocyte entry from 6 hours (3, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours) | Berti et al (2002) |
| Distal tMCAO (160 minutes, occlusion) | SHR | Northern blot | Elevated TNF mRNA from 1 hour. Peak expression at 3 hours (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 120 hours) | Wang et al (1994) |
| Proximal pMCAO | SD | mRNA array RT-PCR | Elevated TNF mRNA from 3 hours. Peak expression at 6 hours, decreased at 12 hours, rebound at 3 days (3, 6, 12, 24, 72, and 168 hours) | Kim et al (2002) |
| Proximal pMCAO (occluded and cut) | SHR, WKY, Fisher | Northern blot | Elevated TNF mRNA from 1 hour. Peak expression at 12 hours (1, 3, 6, 12, 24 hours, and 5 days) | Liu et al (1994) |
| Immuno | Cells first observed at 6 hours. Nervefibres observed from 6 to 12 hours and 1 day. Macrophages observed at 5 days | |||
CD, cluster of differentiation; CNP, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase; flow, flow cytometry; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFP, green fluorescence protein; GSI-B4, Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin-B4; immuno, immunohistochemistry; ISH, in situ hybridization; MAP2, microtubule-associated protein-2; NF, neurofilament; pMCAO, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion; RPA, RNAse protection assay; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SD, sprague dawley; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats; tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; WKY, Wistar-Kyoto.
Time for tMCAO are time point after reperfusion. Time in parenthesis indicates the time points investigated in the study, except the baseline corresponding to the time ‘0', which is not indicated.