Table 3.
Results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for two highly invasive species, Ciona intestinalis spA on the west coast and spB on the east coast of North America. Populations were grouped according to different geographic regions on both coasts, two groups on the west coast: northern California (TB, SF, MO) and southern California (SB, CI, PH, LA, NB, OE, MI, SD); three groups on the east coast: Prince Edward Island (CR, BR, MR), Nova Scotia (SN, PT, HF, CT, MA, MB, ST, LU, SH, LT, YM), and Connecticut (GT)
| Grouping | Source of variation | Sum of square | Variance components | Percentage variation | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| spA | (A) mtDNA | ||||
| West coast | Among groups | 3.78 | 0.06 | 14.53 | 0.00 |
| Among populations within groups | 4.36 | 0.01 | 1.27 | 0.14 | |
| Among individuals within populations | 72.58 | 0.38 | 84.21 | 0.01 | |
| Total | 80.73 | 0.45 | |||
| (B) Microsatellite | |||||
| Among groups | 9.56 | –0.01 | –0.21 | 0.00 | |
| Among populations within groups | 92.50 | 0.19 | 7.18 | 0.00 | |
| Among individuals within populations | 1132.72 | 2.42 | 93.04 | 0.54 | |
| Total | 1234.77 | 2.60 | |||
| spB | (C) mtDNA | ||||
| East coast | Among groups | 3.09 | 0.01 | 3.42 | 0.00 |
| Among populations within groups | 6.04 | 0.01 | 3.32 | 0.00 | |
| Among individuals within populations | 109.66 | 0.25 | 93.26 | 0.03 | |
| Total | 118.79 | 0.27 | |||
| (D) Microsatellite | |||||
| Among groups | 55.63 | 0.02 | 0.55 | 0.00 | |
| Among populations within groups | 213.63 | 0.33 | 9.65 | 0.00 | |
| Among individuals within populations | 2206.34 | 3.08 | 89.79 | 0.22 | |
| Total | 2475.60 | 3.43 |