Fig. 2.

Photographs of the rocky bottom communities (15 m of depth) from two Arctic fjords: Kongsfjord (78°58.60′N, 11°30.10′E) and Smeerenburgfjord (79°41.33′N, 11°04.00′E). The photographs are representative for the communities before (1984) and after (2006) the macroalgal regime shift. In 1984, Kongsfjord is characterized by calcareous algae and sea anemones (A), whereas Smeerenburgfjord is characterized by calcareous algae and aggregations of various sessile filter feeders (sponges, ascidians and barnacles) (B). In 2006, Kongsfjord is dominated by filamentous brown algae (C), whereas Smeerenburgfjord is characterized by filamentous and canopy-forming red macroalgae, bryozoans, and ascidians (D). The macroalgal coverage is encircled by a white line.