Figure 2. Relative cost curves for minimum cost designs.
Cost curves for minimum cost, 78% power two stage GWAS designs calculated by CaTS (blue) and the unrestricted methods described here (green) relative to those of one stage GWAS designs (red) are provided for three experimental conditions: 
as a function of 
; 
as a function of 
; and 
as a function of 
(where 
is disease prevalence, 
the population disease allele frequency, 
the stage 2 genotyping cost and 
the ratio of controls to cases). Unrestricted methods show significant cost advantages in comparison to those computed by CaTS. Cost advantages increase as 
increases, 
decreases, and 
increases.