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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Personal Disord. 2012 May 28;4(1):23–32. doi: 10.1037/a0027178

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cross-Lagged Model Testing Pathways between BPD and substance use at ages 14 and 18. BPD, Borderline Personality Disorder traits; SU, Substance Use. The double-headed arrows (far right and far left) are residual correlations between BPD and substance use at each age; the single-headed arrows represent standardized path estimates of cross-time effects between BPD traits and substance use at age 14 and age 18 (e.g., substance use at age 14 on BPD traits at age 18). * p < .05; ** p < .01.