Table 3.
Regional cortical thicknesses and absolute regional volumes of more and less educated subjects in AD, MCI, and control groups
| Control | MCI | AD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Less educated (n = 41) | More educated (n = 72) | Less educated (n = 69) | More educated (n = 52) | Less educated (n = 77) | More educated (n = 44) | |
| Regional cortical thickness (mm) | ||||||
| Entorhinal cortex | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 |
| Parahippocampal gyrus | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 |
| Middle temporal gyrus | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3a |
| Superior temporal gyrus | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2a |
| Inferior temporal gyrus | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3a |
| Temporal pole | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 |
| Transverse temporal cortex | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2a | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.3 |
| Insula | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2a | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.2 |
| Fusiform gyrus | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.2 |
| Medial orbitofrontal cortex | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 |
| Lateral orbitofrontal cortex | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 |
| Orbital operculum | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 |
| Frontal operculum | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 |
| Superior frontal gyrus | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 |
| Pars triangularis | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 |
| Frontal pole | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.3 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 |
| Caudal middle frontal gyrus | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 |
| Precentral gyrus | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.2 |
| Superior parietal gyrus | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.2 a |
| Post central gyrus | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
| Paracentral gyrus | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
| Inferior parietal cortex | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2a |
| Supramarginal gyrus | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 |
| Pericalcarine cortex | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
| Precuneus cortex | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
| Lingual gyrus | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 |
| Cuneus cortex | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
| Lateral occipital cortex | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2a |
| Isthmus of cingulate cortex | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2a | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 |
| Caudal anterior cingulate cortex | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.3 |
| Rostral anterior cingulate | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.3 |
| Posterior cingulate cortex | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 |
| Regional volume (ml) | ||||||
| Hippocampus | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.4 |
| Amygdala | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 |
| Caudate | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.7 |
| Accumbens | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Putamen | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.9 |
| Pallidum | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
| Brain stem | 19.4 ± 2.3 | 19.8 ± 1.9 | 19.4 ± 2.2 | 19.6 ± 2.6 | 18.9 ± 3.1 | 18.8 ± 2.1 |
| Cerebral cortex | 198.1 ± 22.4 | 198.9 ± 16.1 | 192.5 ± 18.7 | 196.2 ± 18.3 | 179.5 ± 21.7 | 180.8 ± 22.7 |
| Cerebellum cortex | 45.6 ± 5.4 | 46.2 ± 4.5 | 45.6 ± 5.3 | 46.1 ± 5.3 | 44.2 ± 6.4 | 45.6 ± 5.8 |
| Thalamus | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 2.7. | 5.7 ± 0.7 |
| Corpus callosum anterior | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| Corpus callosum central | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| Corpus callosum mid-anterior | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| Corpus callosum mid-posterior | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| Corpus callosum posterior | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
aIndicates significant difference (FDR < 0.05) between more and less educated subjects after adjusting for age, gender, country of origin, and MMSE. The intracranial volume was also adjusted for volumes