Table 4.

Results of logistic regression for quartile and continuous analyses of plasma 25(OH)D level and incident kidney disease.

Quartile analysis presents odds of incident chronic kidney disease by baseline quartile of plasma 25(OH) D, with lowest quartile as reference. Continuous analysis presents odds of incident chronic kidney disease per standard deviation increase in plasma 25(OH) D. Data presented as odds ratio with 95% confidence interval in parentheses.

		Plasma 25(OH)D level (ng/mL)
		Quartile 2 vs. Quartile 1		Quartile 3 vs. Quartile 1		Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1		Per 1 SD increase
		OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Incident CKD 108/1438 events (7.5%)	Age and sex adjusted	0.73 (0.39–1.37)	0.3	1.12 (0.63–1.99)	0.7	1.30 (0.74–2.27)	0.4	0.87 (0.71–1.06)	0.2
	Multivariate adjusted§	0.78 (0.41–1.50)	0.5	1.16 (0.63–2.12)	0.6	1.44 (0.79–2.61)	0.2	0.85 (0.69–1.04)	0.1
Incident albuminuria* 106/1345 events (7.8%)	Age and sex adjusted	0.83 (0.47–1.48)	0.5	0.84 (0.47–1.49)	0.5	0.80 (0.45–1.43)	0.5	1.06 (0.87–1.32)	0.5
	Multivariate adjusted§§	0.87 (0.48–1.57)	0.6	0.91 (0.51–1.65)	0.8	0.91 (0.50–1.66)	0.8	1.01 (0.82–1.25)	0.9

Abbreviation: CKD = chronic kidney disease; GFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; SD standard deviation. CKD defined as eGFR of < 60 ml/min/1.73m²

^*Sex-specific cut-offs for quantitative albuminuria: urine albumin to creatinine ratio ≥ 17 mg/g in men; ≥ 25 mg/g in women.

^§Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, log triglycerides, BMI, current smoking and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

^§§Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate and baseline log urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

1 standard deviation of plasma 25(OH) D: ng/mL