Table 2.
Some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters related to the hypoglycemic effects of human insulin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats following a single subcutaneous or oral administration of studied formulations (n = 6).
| Formulation | Insulin dose (U/kg) | Route of administration | [AUC0-250 min ±SD]×103(µU.ml-1.min)a | Cmax±SD (µU/ml)b | tmax (min) | F±SD (%)c | [AAC0-250 min±SD]×103 (percent.min)d | BGmax (mg/dL)e | tmax G (min)g | .f±SD (%)f |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free insulin | 2 | Subcutaneous (s.c.) | 24.98±6.22 | 143.5±15.8 | 50 | - | 14.22±3.32 | 233.7±29.48 | 250 | - |
| Brij 92 niosomes | 100 | Oral | 23.46±5.28 | 102.66±16.9 | 165 | 1.878±0.426 | 5.95±2.53 | 107.07±44.91 | 165 | 0.83±0.22 |
| Brij 52 niosomes | 100 | Oral | 13.98±4.46 | 63.32±23.61 | 110 | 1.119±0.573 | 2.938±1.7 | 59.67±33.90 | 50 | 0.41±0.32 |
| Span 60 niosomes | 100 | Oral | 18.21±7.67 | 72.66±21.36 | 110 | 1.457±0.326 | 4.44±2.12 | 66.55±27.57 | 50 | 0.62±0.29 |
a
Area under the insulin concentration
b
The maximum concentration of blood insulin
c
Percent of relative bioavailability
d
Area above blood glucose concentration depression
e
The maximum amount of blood glucose depression (base line glucose concentration-minimum blood glucose concentration)
f
Percent of relative pharmacological availability
g
Time for maximum blood glucose depression