Figure 4.

Chloride efflux promoted by 1–10 (2% molar carrier to lipid) from unilamellar POPC vesicles loaded with 489 mM NaCl buffered to pH 7.2 with 5 mM sodium phosphate salts. The vesicles were dispersed in 489 mM NaNO₃ buffered to pH 7.2 with 5 mM sodium phosphate salts. At the end of the experiment, detergent was added to lyse the vesicles and calibrate the ISE to 100% chloride efflux. Each point represents the average of three trials. DMSO was used as control. (a) Urea compounds 1–5. (b) Thiourea compounds 6–10.