Figure 5.

Chloride efflux promoted by 1–10 (2% molar carrier to lipid) from unilamellar POPC vesicles loaded with 450 mM NaCl buffered to pH 7.2 with 20 mM sodium phosphate salts. The vesicles were dispersed in 162 mM Na₂SO₄ buffered to pH 7.2 with 20 mM sodium phosphate salts. At t = 120 s, a solution of NaHCO₃ was added to give a 40 mM external concentration. At the end of the experiment, detergent was added to lyse the vesicles and calibrate the ISE to 100% chloride efflux. Each point represents the average of three trials. DMSO was used as control. (a) Urea compounds 1–5. (b) Thiourea compounds 6–10.