Table 5.
Mean and median intakes of nutrients and foods and the % of the population that had intakes above the upper levels, calculated with adjustment for within-individual variabilitya
| Nutrient | Age | Reference values | Mean (SD) | Median (SE) | % > UL/AMDRUL (SE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein* | < 4 years | 10 - 15% | 16,4 (2.1) | 16,3 (0.2) | 75 (5.0) |
| ≥ 4 years | 15,3 (2.1) | 15,2 (0.2) | 53 (3.0) | ||
| Saturated fatty | < 4 years | 8 - 12% | 13,4 (2.7) | 13,3 (0.3) | 69 (4.0) |
| acids* | ≥ 4 years | 13,4 (1.9) | 13,4 (0.2) | 77 (4.0) | |
| Simple | < 4 years | < 15%£ | 30,7 (5.3) | 30,6 (0.6) | 100 - |
| carbohydrates* | ≥ 4 years | 31,4 (5.2) | 31,3 (0.4) | 100 - | |
| Food group | Age | FBDG | Mean (SD) | Median (SE) | %> FBDGUL (SE) |
| Restgroup (snacks/desserts)† | < 4 years | restricted | 46,8 (13.3) | 45,1 (1.2) | 36 (3.4) |
| ≥ 4 years | 53,7 (16.4) | 52,0 (1.0) | 55 (2.3) | ||
| Restgroup (sugared drinks)‡ | < 4 years | restricted | 89,9 (106.2) | 56,0 (9.5) | 35 (3.4) |
| ≥ 4 years | 123,7 (131.5) | 72,0 (7.6) | 40 (2.3) | ||
| Restgroup (fried potatoes)μ | < 4 years | restricted | 12,6 (9.3) | 11,4 (0.8) | 36 (3.4) |
| ≥ 4 years | 14,2 (6.0) | 13,5 (0.3) | 38 (2.3) | ||
| Restgroup (sauces)μ | < 4 years | restricted | 12,5 (5.2) | 13,1 (0.5) | 34 (3.4) |
| ≥ 4 years | 12,9 (4.5) | 13,2 (0.3) | 32 (2.2) | ||
| Restgroup (sweet spreads)μ | < 4 years | restricted | 14,4 (8.8) | 12,4 (0.8) | 38 (3.5) |
| ≥ 4 years | 14,4 (8.7) | 13,2 (0.5) | 41 (2.3) | ||
a Only nutrients and food groups for which the percentage of children with excessive intakes was > 30% are presented.
* Percentage of total energy intake supplied by the respective nutrient and its recommendation expressed as acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR).
† Sweet deserts (e.g. ice cream, tiramisu), sweet snacks, salty snacks (e.g. chips), chocolate, and brioches. Although the recommendation is to limit these food products, the percentage given in the column > FBDGUL are children consuming more than 50 g/d of these snacks.
‡ Sugared drinks (e.g. tea with sugar added) and softdrinks, but no fruit juices. Although the recommendation is to limit these food products, the percentage given in the column > FBDGUL are children consuming more than 100 ml/d of these sugared drinks.
μ Although the recommendation is to limit these food products, the percentage given in the column > FBDGUL are children consuming more than 15 g/d of these sauces.
£No national recommendations are available for simple carbohydrates. Therefore, intakes were compared with a reference value of 15 precent of total energy intake.
Upper level (UL)
Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG)
n (< 4 years old) 197, n (≥4 years old) 465