Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients categorized by timing of feeding initiation and break down by illness severity
|
Characteristic |
|
|
APACHE II <20 |
APACHE II ≥20 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Early |
Late |
||||
| |
|
|
(n = 47) |
(n = 61) |
||
| |
(n = 40) |
(n = 68) |
||||
| |
|
|
Early |
Late |
Early |
Late |
| (n = 14) | (n = 33) | (n = 26) | (n = 35) | |||
|
Gender (M/F), n |
M 27 |
M 53 |
M 8 |
M 26 |
M 19 |
M 27 |
| |
F 13 |
F 15 |
F 6 |
F 7 |
F 7 |
F 8 |
|
Age (y) |
72.8 ± 11.1† |
67.5 ± 15.9* |
64.1 ± 13.6 |
62.3 ± 15.2 |
77.5 ± 5.5 |
72.4 ± 15.2 |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.1 ± 4.4 |
23.5 ± 5.5 |
25.4 ± 4.6 |
24.5 ± 6.1 |
21.8 ± 3.8 |
22.6 ± 4.8 |
|
Diagnosis at ICU admission, n |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cardiovascular |
7 |
12 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
| Respiratory |
20 |
30 |
7 |
15 |
13 |
15 |
| Gastrointestinal |
3 |
9 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
| Neurological |
3 |
10 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
4 |
| Sepsis |
4 |
5 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
| Others |
3 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) |
40 (100)† |
68 (100) |
14 (100) |
33 (100) |
26 (100) |
35 (100) |
|
Admission to feeding initiation (h) |
45.6 ± 7.3 |
109.4 ± 47.7 *** |
48.0 ± 0.0 |
109.1 ± 46.1 *** |
44.3 ± 8.8 |
109.7 ± 53.4 *** |
|
Enteral feeding route, n |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NG tube feeding |
23 |
35 |
6 |
18 |
17 |
17 |
| ND tube feeding |
17 |
33 |
8 |
15 |
9 |
18 |
|
Recommended energy requirement (kcal/d) |
1718 ± 174 |
1757 ± 184 |
1721 ± 193 |
1755 ± 172 |
1715 ± 167 |
1760 ± 197 |
|
Recommended protein requirement (g/d) |
69.5 ± 12.4 |
69.1 ± 12.4 |
71.4 ± 12.3 |
70.6 ± 11.6 |
68.4 ± 12.6 |
67.7 ± 13.0 |
|
APACHE II score at ICU admission |
21.4 ± 6.2 |
20.4 ± 7.1 |
15.3 ± 3.2 |
14.6 ± 2.8 |
24.7 ± 4.8 |
25.9 ± 5.4 |
|
Patients taking prokinetic agents, n (%) |
13 (32.5) |
23 (33.8) |
3 (21.4) |
12 (36.4) |
10 (38.5) |
11 (31.4) |
|
Patients taking PPIs or H2antagonists, n (%) |
15 (37.5) |
17 (25.0) |
4 (28.6) |
7 (21.2) |
11 (42.3) |
10 (28.6) |
| Patients taking antibiotics, n (%) | 39 (97.5) | 54 (79.4) ** | 14 (100) | 26 (78.8)** | 25 (96.2) | 28 (80)* |
APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; NG, nasogastric; ND, nasoduodenal; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
†Data are expressed as mean ± SD, number of patients, or percentage in parentheses. Student’s t-test for differences between early and late feeding groups, Mann–Whitney U-test for differences between early and late feeding groups categorized by APACHE II <20 and APACHE II ≥20. Single asterisk (*) indicates p < 0.05, double asterisks (**) indicate p < 0.01, and triple asterisks (***) indicate p < 0.001.