TABLE I.

Overview of material properties and removal characteristics.

		Contact angle (°)	Removal by. (Y/N/partial)	Removal rate
Material	Layer thickness ($\mu \mathrm{m}$)	Advancing, receding	Bubbles, scratch	(${\text{mm}}^2/\mathrm{s}$)	Adhesiona
Glass	…	$79.9\pm 1.3,41.0\pm 1.7$	…d	…e	…e
Solid materials
Gold	$45·{10}^{-3}$b	$86.9\pm 0.5,72.7\pm 0.6$	Y, Y	0.01	$2260\pm 50\hspace{0.17em}\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}$
Platinum	$36·{10}^{-3}$b	$87.0\pm 0.3,73.7\pm 0.9$	Y, Y	0.001	$4400\pm 150\hspace{0.17em}\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}$
Chromium	$45·{10}^{-3}$b	$75.7\pm 0.6,42.5\pm 1.5$	N, N	…e	…c
Titanium	$15·{10}^{-3}$b	$73.6\pm 0.8,45.8\pm 2.4$	N, N	…e	…c
Organic materials
Olin	$3.5-5.2$b	…c	N, P	…e	…c
AZ96	$2.0$b	…c	N, P	…e	…c
Biomaterials
Biofilm	20	…c	Y,…c	0.1	${10}^{-1}\hspace{0.17em}{\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}}^2$
Hydrogel	100	…c	Y,…c	0.1	…c
Cells	…c	…c	Y,…c	…c	…c

^aSolid materials: N/m, measured with AFM; viscoelastic materials: ${\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}}^2$, measured with hydrodynamic technique.

^bThickness determined with a profile measurement device (Veeco Dektak 8).

^cThese values could not be measured.

^dNo glass erosion took place as a result of bubble cavitation activity for less than 30 min.

^eNot applicable.