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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Bull. 2012 May 28;139(1):81–132. doi: 10.1037/a0028727

Table 3.

Weighted Mean Effect Size Analyses

Measure N k d 95% Confidence Interval SE Z p Homogeneity Test Sensitivity
Lower Limit Upper Limit v Q df p I2 Trim & Fill Adjusted d IQ & Education Matched d
Inhibition:
Stroop Incongruenta 1494 19 0.73 0.56 0.90 0.09 8.34 <.001 0.08 42.76 18 .001 58.87 0.58 0.88
Stroop Neutral (comparison condition) 1078 14 0.61 0.47 0.74 0.07 8.84 <.001 0.01 14.54 13 .3 17.47 0.49 0.68
Stroop Interference 1482 20 0.39 0.23 0.54 0.08 4.81 <.001 0.06 39.22 19 .004 51.56 0.30 0.47
Stroop Accuracyb 628 9 0.70 0.46 0.93 0.12 5.82 <.001 0.06 14.60 8 .067 45.21 0.50 -
Hayling 247 5 0.97 0.54 1.40 0.22 4.45 <.001 0.13 9.23 4 .056 56.66 0.97 -
Inhibition Comp.c 3274 48 0.58 0.47 0.69 0.06 9.95 <.001 0.09 109.67 47 <.001 57.14 0.42 0.62
Shifting:
WCSTd 1943 25 0.47 0.32 0.61 0.07 6.31 <.001 0.07 52.66 24 .001 54.42 0.35 0.43
TMT-B 2825 35 0.59 0.45 0.73 0.07 8.08 <.001 0.12 101.66 34 <.001 66.56 0.43 0.35
TMT-A (comparison condition)e 2794 32 0.52 0.38 0.66 0.07 7.42 <.001 0.09 85.09 31 <.001 63.57 0.35 0.37
ID/ED Shiftf 899 15 0.46 0.31 0.61 0.18 5.88 <.001 0.02 17.01 14 .3 17.70 0.35 0.41
Shifting Comp.g 5154 69 0.47 0.39 0.55 0.04 10.93 <.001 0.06 133.83 68 <.001 49.19 0.36 0.40
Updating:
n-Back 324 7 0.63 0.11 1.15 0.26 2.37 .018 0.38 27.02 6 .001 77.79 0.63 -
Updating Comp. 528 10 0.57 0.20 0.94 0.19 3.00 .003 0.26 35.22 9 .001 74.45 0.57 -
Verbal Working Memory:
Forward Digit Span 1820 27 0.39 0.25 0.53 0.07 5.56 <.001 0.06 47.55 26 .006 45.32 0.39 0.42
Backward Digit Span 1700 23 0.55 0.39 0.71 0.08 6.86 <.001 0.08 49.30 22 .001 55.38 0.55 0.46
Maintenance Comp. 2093 31 0.39 0.27 0.51 0.06 6.32 <.001 0.04 49.66 30 .013 39.59 0.23 0.40
Manipulation Comp. 2051 27 0.52 0.38 0.66 0.07 7.42 <.001 0.07 55.86 26 .001 53.46 0.52 0.43
Verbal WM Comp. 2840 39 0.45 0.34 0.56 0.05 8.38 <.001 0.04 65.59 38 .004 42.06 0.45 0.40
Visuospatial Working Memory:
DMTSh 624 10 0.32 0.15 0.48 0.08 3.76 <.001 0.00 9.18 9 .4 1.96 0.23 0.40
Self-Ordered Pointingi 722 10 0.37 0.16 0.58 0.11 3.42 .001 0.05 16.54 9 .056 54.59 0.33 0.33^
Forward Spatial Spanj 1037 17 0.36 0.17 0.55 0.10 3.70 <.001 0.08 33.41 16 .007 52.11 0.36 0.21^
Backward Spatial 598 9 0.72 0.35 1.09 0.19 3.85 <.001 0.23 31.57 8 <.001 74.66 0.63 0.75
Span
Visuospatial WM 1493 23 0.45 0.30 0.59 0.07 6.07 <.001 0.05 38.01 22 .018 42.12 0.29 0.47
Compk
Planning:
Planning Comp. 1037 17 0.38 0.22 0.53 0.08 4.70 <.001 0.03 23.40 16 .1 31.62 0.26 0.29
Verbal Fluency:
Semantic VF 1642 24 0.70 0.52 0.88 0.09 7.56 <.001 0.13 66.94 23 <.001 65.64 0.53 0.75
Phonemic VF 2850 37 0.46 0.34 0.57 0.06 7.72 <.001 0.06 73.12 36 <.001 50.77 0.33 0.44
VF Comp. 3466 46 0.55 0.44 0.66 0.06 9.74 <.001 0.07 100.43 45 <.001 55.19 0.42 0.51
Comparison Measures:
Psychomotor Speed 1757 23 0.33 0.15 0.50 0.09 3.68 <.001 0.11 63.24 22 <.001 65.21 0.20 0.30^
Comp.
Digit-Symbol 1904 22 0.55 0.34 0.75 0.10 5.25 <.001 0.17 88.76 21 <.001 75.21 0.55 0.30
Substitutionl
Vocabulary 2175 36 0.14 0.04 0.25 0.05 2.68 .007 0.03 47.81 35 .073 26.79 0.08^ n/a

Note. Comp. = composite score; WCST= Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; TMT-B = Trail Making Test part B; TMT-A = Trail Making Test part A; ID/ED = Intradimensional/Extradimensional; WM = working memory; DMTS = delayed-match-to-sample VF= verbal fluency; d = weighted mean effect size; K = number of studies; N = number of participants; v = random effects variance component; Q = heterogeneity; I2 = percentage of total variability in the set of effect sizes due to true heterogeneity; – = Too few IQ and education matched samples to conduct analysis (k<5).

a

1 outlier excluded (d = 3.57): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.83.

b

1 outlier excluded (d = 2.52): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.75.

c

1 outlier excluded (d = 2.14): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.61.

d

1 outlier excluded (d = 2.66): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.57.

e

1 outlier excluded (d = 1.96): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.55.

f

1 outlier excluded (d = 2.96): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.60.

g

2 outliers excluded (d = 2.66, d = 2.96): with these outliers included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.54.

h

1 outlier excluded (d = 2.56): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.54.

i

2 outliers excluded (d = 4.90, d = 2.55): with these outliers included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.83.

j

1 outlier excluded (d = 2.12): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.45.

k

1 outlier excluded (d = 3.20): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.56.

l

1 outlier excluded (d = 2.10): with this outlier included, the weighted mean effect size was d = 0.61.

^

Non-significant (p > .05).