Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Lesion laterality | Lesion size (ml) | Chronicity (months)a | Age (years)b | Gender | Handedness | Education (years) | MMSE | BDI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AIC1 | Left | 15 | 32 | 42 | M | Right | 9 | 22 | 7 |
| AIC2 | Left | 36 | 20 | 46 | F | Right | 9 | 21 | 8 |
| AIC3 | Right | 28 | 3 | 51 | F | Right | 9 | 24 | 5 |
| ACC1 | Left | 14 | 16 | 37 | M | Left | 9 | 28 | 6 |
| ACC2 | Left | 54 | 6 | 47 | F | Right | 12 | 26 | 3 |
| ACC3 | Bilateral | 38 | 18 | 35 | F | Left | 9 | 23 | 18 |
| BDC | 2 Left/4 right | 46 ± 21 | 23 ± 5 | 43 ± 12 | 3 F/3 M | 0 Left/6 right | 12 ± 4 | 26 ± 3 | 3 ± 4 |
| NC | N/A | N/A | N/A | 45 ± 4 | 6 F/8 M | 0 Left/14 right | 10 ± 1 | 26 ± 3 | 5 ± 6 |
AIC1, AIC2 and AIC3 are patients with anterior insular cortex lesion; ACC1, ACC2 and ACC3 are patients with anterior cingulate cortex lesion.
BDC = brain damaged controls; BDI = short form of the Beck Depression Inventory, a measure of baseline mood (Knight, 1984); MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, a test for cognitive impairment (Folstein et al., 1975); N/A = not available; NC = neurologically intact controls.
a Chronicity: the time length between surgery date and testing date.
b Age: the age at the testing date.