Figure 5.

Nanopore DNA sequencing using electronic measurements and optical readout as detection methods. (A) In electronic nanopore schemes, signal is obtained through ionic current,⁷³ tunneling current,⁷⁸ and voltage difference⁷⁹ measurements. Each method must produce a characteristic signal to differentiate the four DNA bases. Reprinted with permission from ref 83. Copyright 2008 Annual Reviews. (B) In the optical readout nanopore design, each nucleotide is converted to a preset oligonucleotide sequence and hybridized with labeled markers that are detected during translocation of the DNA fragment through the nanopore. Reprinted from ref 82. Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society.