Table 4.

Plasma biomarkers in ALI/ARDS

Plasma biomarker	Importance in ALI/ARDS development	Associated outcomes other than ALI/ARDS
Surfactant protein-D44–46	Reflect injury and ↑ permeability of alveolar epithelium	VFD, organ failure
Receptor for advanced glycation end products47–49	Reflects endothelial activation and injury	VFD,49 organ failure,49 ARDS after lung transplant47
Intercellular adhesion molecule-144 50–53	Reflects endothelial activation and injury	VFD,51 organ failure51
Interleukin-644 54–56	Inflammation	VFD,55 organ failure55
Interleukin-844 48 50 54–56	Inflammation	VFD,55organ failure55
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-144 50 57–61	Activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis	VFD,61 organ failure61
von Willebrand factor44 48 60 62 63	Reflects endothelial activation and injury	Organ failure
Protein C44 50 59 61–64	Activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis	ARDS after lung transplant,47 VFD,61 organ failure61

ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; VFD, ventilator-free days.