Table 2.
Patient and Fistula Characteristics by Fistula Closure and Residual Incontinence at 3 Months Postrepair
| Fistula Closure (n=1274) | Residual Incontinence (n=1016) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Closed n (%) | Not closed n (%) | No residual incontinence n (%) | Residual incontinence n (%) |
| Total | 1039 | 235 | 823 | 193 |
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age (mean, SD) | 27.8 (11.0) | 29.8 (11.2) | 27.4 (10.8) | 29.0 (11.7) |
| Completed primary school or higher | 237 (22.8) | 28 (12.0)* | 183 (22.3) | 47 (24.4) |
| Rural residence | 887 (86.0) | 201 (86.3) | 705 (86.5) | 160 (82.9)† |
| Parity greater than 3 | 362 (35.9) | 83 (37.1) | 293 (36.9) | 59 (31.4) † |
| Delivered via c-section | 389 (38.5) | 92 (40.5) | 311 (38.9) | 70 (37.2)* |
| Prior repair | 210 (20.3) | 85 (36.3)† | 156 (19.0) | 48 (24.9)† |
| Genital cutting | 194 (18.7) | 65 (27.7) | 168 (20.4) | 25 (13.1)* |
| Patient comorbidities | ||||
| Anemia | 72 ( 6.9) | 19 ( 8.1) | 52 ( 6.3) | 16 ( 8.3) |
| Malnutrition | 58 ( 5.6) | 18 ( 7.7) | 42 ( 5.1) | 12 ( 6.2) |
| Malaria | 4 ( 0.4) | 2 ( 0.9) | 3 ( 0.4) | 1 ( 0.5) |
| HIV | 4 ( 0.4) | 0 ( 0.0) | 4 ( 0.5) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| UTI | 2 ( 0.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 0.2) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Fistula characteristics | ||||
| Location and type | ||||
| Midvaginal | 318 (30.8) | 51 (21.9)* | 272 (33.2) | 43 (22.4)† |
| Juxtaurethral | 230 (22.3) | 46 (19.7) | 163 (20.0) | 61 (31.8)† |
| Juxtacervical | 187 (18.2) | 38 (16.3) | 149 (18.2) | 35 (18.2) |
| Circumferential | 143 (13.8) | 71 (30.2)† | 87 (10.6) | 50 (25.9)† |
| Intracervical | 71 ( 6.9) | 10 ( 4.3)† | 67 ( 8.2) | 4 ( 2.1)† |
| Trigonal | 55 ( 5.3) | 11 ( 4.7) | 46 ( 5.6) | 8 ( 4.2) |
| Vault | 29 ( 2.8) | 6 ( 2.6) | 22 ( 2.7) | 6 ( 3.1) |
| Supratrigonal | 27 ( 2.6) | 5 ( 2.1)* | 25 ( 3.1) | 1 ( 0.5)† |
| Vesicouterine | 19 ( 1.8) | 2 ( 0.9) | 17 ( 2.1) | 2 ( 1.0) |
| Ureteric | 18 ( 1.7) | 2 ( 0.9) | 12 ( 1.5) | 5 ( 2.6) |
| Ureterovaginal | 11 ( 1.1) | 4 ( 1.7)† | 9 ( 1.1) | 1 ( 0.5) |
| Fistula size (cm) | ||||
| Small (smaller than 2) | 295 (29.9) | 53 (23.1) | 246 (31.3) | 47 (26.1) |
| Medium (2–3) | 508 (51.5) | 104 (45.4) | 421 (53.5) | 81 (45.0) |
| Large (4–5) | 144 (14.6) | 60 (26.2)† | 93 (11.8) | 45 (25.0)† |
| Extensive (longer than 6) | 45 ( 4.6) | 13 ( 5.7) | 28 ( 3.6) | 10 ( 5.6)* |
| Urethral involvement | ||||
| None (reference category) | 664 (64.0) | 95 (40.8) | 566 (69.0) | 83 (43.5) |
| Partial | 220 (21.2) | 61 (26.2)† | 159 (19.4) | 56 (29.3)† |
| Complete destruction or circumferential | 150 (14.6) | 76 (32.9)† | 92 (11.3) | 52 (27.2)† |
| Small bladder | 241 (24.9) | 97 (45.1)† | 179 (23.2) | 57 (31.8)† |
| Scarring | ||||
| No or mild scarring (reference category) | 694 (66.9) | 112 (47.7) | 569 (69.3) | 115 (59.6) |
| Moderate scarring | 288 (27.8) | 83 (35.3)† | 221 (26.9) | 57 (29.5)* |
| Severe scarring | 55 ( 5.3) | 40 (17.0)† | 31 ( 3.8) | 21 (10.9)† |
| More than one urinary fistula | 50 ( 4.8) | 25 (10.6)† | 29 ( 3.5) | 16 ( 8.3)† |
| Context of repair | ||||
| Routine services | 120 (51.7) | 601 (57.8) | 482 (58.6) | 103 (53.6)* |
| Training | 89 (38.2) | 388 (37.4) | 302 (36.8) | 77 (40.1) † |
| Surgeon conducted more than 200 complex repairs | 61 (27.2) | 350 (35.5)* | 263 (33.6) | 73 (40.1)* |
SD, standard deviation; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; UTI, urinary tract infection.
*
p<0.2.
†
p<0.05.