Figure 3. Complete inbreeding can restore male supergene cooperation alone, if reduced pollen production is not limiting.

Solid lines represent proportions of cooperative α (black) and β (gray) supergenes. Dashed lines represent mean fitnesses of α and β supergenes (here, overlaid). Given perfect inbreeding and non-limiting pollen production (model 3), the global ESS is pure male α cooperation and β defection, resulting in identical mean fitness due to their shared reproductive outlet. Simulations based on model 3. Parameters c = 0.2, b = 0.1, d = 0.1. Initial conditions p_α = 0.01, p_β = 0.99. Model 3 is equivalent to the complete model 4 with i = 1 and x = 0.