Table 2.
Treatments that have been reported to inhibit MCP-1 over-production and improve diabetic vascular conditions.
| Treatment | Comment | Experimental model | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troglitazone | Thiazolidinedione drugs, PPAR ligands | TNFα-treated HUVECs | MCP-1 mRNA and protein secretion ↓ | [122] |
| Rosiglitazone | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice |
MCP-1 expression ↓, leukocyte adhesion↓, macrophage infiltration↓ |
[123] | |
| Human subjects | MCP-1↓, glucose↓, insulin ↓, LDL/HDL↓, HDL↑, adiponectin ↑ PPARγ activation ↑ |
[124] | ||
| Arteriosclerotic rats | CCR2 expression in lesional and circulating monocytes↓ |
[125] | ||
| Aspirin; fenofibrate and clofibrate |
Anti-inflammatory drug; PPAR activators | Human endothelial cells | High glucose-increased MCP-1 expression↓, ROS↓, activation of NFκB and AP-1↓ |
[126] |
| Simvastatin | Statins, hypocholesterolemic via inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase |
Diabetic rats | Serum MCP-1↓, ICAM-1↓ | [127] |
| Atorvastatin | Human subjects with high cardiovascular risk |
Plasma MCP-1↓, ICAM-1↓ | [128] | |
| Pravastatin | Fatty rats | MCP-1↓, TGF-β1↓, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)↑ |
[129] | |
| Gliclazide | Hypoglycemic, sulfonylurea receptor ligand leading to insulin release in β cells |
Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) |
MCP-1↓, oxLDL-induced monocyte adhesion↓ oxLDL-induced MCP-1↓ |
[130] [131] |
| Irbesartan | Anti-hypertensive | ApoE-null mice | Aorta MCP-1↓, atherosclerosis↓, collagen content↓, cellular proliferation↓, macrophage infiltration↓ |
[132] |
| Doxazosin | Human monocytes | MCP-1-directed monocyte migration↓ | [133] | |
| D-psicose | Naturally occurred, ultralow-energy monosaccharide |
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) |
High glucose-induced MCP-1 expression↓ | [134] |
| Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl.) Benth |
Plant extracts | Human endothelial cells; alloxan-induced diabetic mice |
High glucose-induced MCP-1↓, NFκB activation↓, serum MCP-1↓ |
[107] |
| Aqueous extract of Buddleja officinalis |
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) |
High glucose-induced MCP-1↓, hydrogen peroxide production↓ |
[135] | |
| Danggui-Buxue-Tang | Traditional Chinese medicine | Diabetic rats | Aorta MCP-1↓, ICAM-1↓ | [136] |
| Shenqi compound recipe |
Aorta MCP-1↓, PPARγ↑ | [137] |