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. 2012 Sep 10;7(9):e43601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043601

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© 2012 Song et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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4D (x,y,z,t) image of microsphere displacements (A, C, E) and microbead displacements (B, D, F) shows flow fields and surface strains, respectively, in live stem cells subjected to fluid flow at low (A,B), high (C,D), and very high (E,F) densities. Calcein Green stains live cells. Red and white arrows indicate velocity of flow (microsphere displacement and direction: A, C, E) and strain (microbead displacements: B, D, F), respectively. Red, green, and white dots (B, D, F) show respective microbead positions at 0, 30, and 60 minutes after flow. Stresses imparted by flow at cell surfaces are calculated from the experimentally determined velocity gradient (slope of Fig. S1, Equation 3). Cell surface strains (deformations) are calculated using experimentally measured microbead displacements on cell surfaces.