Table 1.
Summary of blue light inactivation of bacteria in vitro
| Light source | Radiant exposure | Bacterial species/strains | Inactivation efficacy | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 407–420 nm metal halide lamp | 324 J/cm2 at lamp aperture; lamp-target distance: 25 cm. | P. acnes | 15.7% reduction in CFU immediately after irradiation; 24.4% reduction 60 min after irradiation. | (Kawada et al., 2002) |
| 407–420 nm intense light lamp | 75–225 J/cm2 | P. acnes | 2 log10 at 75 J/cm2, 4 log10 at 150 J/cm2, and 5 log10 at 225 J/cm2. | (Ashkenazi et al., 2003) |
| 405-nm diode laser | 20 J/cm2 | H. pylori | >99.9% | (Hamblin et al., 2005) |
| 405 nm light-emitting device | 15 J/cm2 at lamp aperture | P. gingivalis | >75% | (Fukui et al., 2008) |
| 380–520 nm broadband light | 4.2–42 J/cm2 | P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. melaninogenica, and S. constellatus | P. intermedia and P. nigrescens >5 log10 at 4.2 J/cm2; P. melaninogenica >5 log10 at 21 J/cm2; P. gingivalis 1.83 log10 at 42 J/cm2. | (Soukos et al., 2005) |
| 400–500 nm light lamps used for dental restoration | Irradiance between 260 and 1300 mW/cm2 for up to 3 min | P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, S. mutans, and E. faecalis | The minimal inhibitory dose for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was 16–62 J/cm2, for S. mutans and S. faecalis was 159–212 J/cm2. | (Feuerstein et al., 2004) |
| 405-nm superluminous diode light | 50.4–55.2 J/cm2 at lamp aperture; lamp-target distance: 1–2 mm | MRSA USA 300; MRSA IS-853 | 92.1% for USA 300; 93.5 for IS-853 | (Enwemeka et al., 2008) |
| 470-nm superluminous diode light | 55 J/cm2 at lamp aperture; lamptarget distance: 1–2 mm | MRSA USA 300; MRSA IS-853 | 90.4% for both strains | (Enwemeka et al., 2009) |
| 405 and 470 nm light | 15 J/cm2 | S. aureus, P. aeruginosa | S. aureus 90% at 405 nm, 62% at 470 nm; P. aeruginosa 95.1% at 405 nm, 96.5% at 470 nm. | (Guffey and Wilborn, 2006) |
| 405 nm light | 23.5 J/cm2 | S. aureus | 2.4-log10 | (Maclean et al., 2008a) |
| 405-nm LED | 36–216 J/cm2 for gram-positive; 108–180 J/cm2 for gram-negative. | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, C. perfringens, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. vulgaris, and K.pneumoniae | 2.6–5.0 log10 for gram positive; 3.1–4.7 log10 for gram negative. | (Maclean et al., 2009) |
| 415 and 455 nm LED | 60–120 J/cm2 | S. aureus, E. coli. 51 | S. aureus 90% at 415 nm; 50% at 455 nm. E. coli 100% at 415 nm; 98–99% at 455 nm. | (Lipovsky et al., 2010) |