Table 2.

Summary of blue light treatment of acne vulgaris and gastritis in human patients

Acne vulgaris
Light source	Treatment protocol	No. of patients	Outcome	Ref.
407–420 nm halide lamp	Each patient received treatments twice a week up to 5 weeks.	30	77% patients were improved.	(Kawada et al., 2002)
405–420 nm intense light	On average 12.4 treatments; once a week.	10	80% patients showed an improvement.	(Noborio et al., 2007)
415–425 nm intense light	Two treatments a week for 4 weeks.	21	Significant improvement was achieved in the Leeds Acne Grade. The inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts also improved significantly.	(Ammad et al., 2008)
420 nm intense light	They were treated with a total of eight serial biweekly treatment sessions.	28	There was a 64.7% improvement in acne lesions.	(Omi et al., 2004)
410 nm LED	Twice daily for eight weeks.	28	At week 8, more than 90 percent of subjects reported improvements in their skin's overall appearance, clarity, radiance, tone, texture and smoothness.	(Wheeland and Dhawan, 2011)
414 nm LED	Blue light was applied to the applicable area once daily for six minutes for a period of eight weeks.	21	The total number of comedones on the face had significantly reduced for the assessment at day 7 and at day 28.	(Gold et al., 2009)
409–419 nm LED	Over 4 weeks, patients received eight 10- or 20-min light treatments at 40 W/cm2.	30	An overall effect on inflammatory counts was observed at week 5, and a statistically significant decrease in inflamed counts was detected at the week 8 assessments, which continued to week 12.	(Morton et al., 2005)
Gastritis
Light source	Treatment protocol	No. of patients	Outcome	Ref.
405 nm diode laser with a flexible optical fiber	One treatment with an exposure of 40.5 J/cm2.	10	The mean reduction in H. pylor colonies per gram tissue between treated and control spots was 91% (P<0.0001). Some patients had reductions approaching 99%.	(Ganz et al., 2005)
408 nm diode laser with diffusing fibers	A dose escalation study design was employed, in which 5 patients were exposed to light therapy for 15 min; 5 patients were exposed for 30 min; 7 were exposed for 45 min, and one was exposed for 60 min.	18	The largest reduction in bacterial load was in the antrum (>97%), followed by body (>95%) and fundus (>86%).	(Lembo et al., 2009)