A, B, TS responses in two groups of vmPFC neurons. Left, Ventral (+); right, dorsal (−). The averaged ± SEM TS responses are shown for the appetitive and aversive blocks. All responses were normalized relative to baseline in each block. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the aversive and appetitive blocks (paired sign-rank test; p < 0.05). Because dorsal (−) neurons had a slow tonic response to the TS, for this analysis of dorsal (−) TS responses, the entire TS period was used.