Table 1.

Selected studies for review.^a

Research Study	PEDro Score	Study Design	Participants, n	Inclusion Criteria	Measurement Technique	Joint Laxity Measures
Hubbard et al17	6	Quasiexperimental (intact group), within subject	51 unilateral FAI	Respond yes to select items on questionnaire	Instrumented ankle arthrometer and stress radiography with a Telos device	Total anteroposterior displacement, total internal-external rotation (abduction-adduction), anterior laxity, talar tilt laxity (stress radiography)
Hubbard et al19	6	Case control, between subject	30 unilateral CAI, 30 controls	Respond yes to select items on questionnaire	Instrumented arthrometer	Anterior, posterior, inversion, and eversion laxity
Hubbard15	6	Case control, between subject	16 unilateral CAI, 16 controls	Respond yes to select items on questionnaire; personal interview	Instrumented arthrometer	Anterior, posterior, inversion, and eversion laxity
Lentell et al24	5	Quasiexperimental (intact group), within subject	34 unilateral CAI	Screened for unilateral CAI that has plateaued	Stress radiography with manual stress test	Inversion laxity via talar tilt
Louwerens et al25	4	Case control, between subject	22 bilateral CAI, 11 unilateral CAI, 10 controls	Frequent inversion trauma and sensations of giving way	Stress radiography with custom mechanical device	Talocrural tilt and subtalar tilt
Lui et al26	5	Quasiexperimental (intact group), within subject	15 unilateral CAI	> 2 episodes of severe unilateral sprain within 10 yrs of study	Instrumented ankle arthrometer	Anterior and inversion laxity
van Hellemondt et al36	4	Quasiexperimental (intact group), within subject	15 unilateral CAI	Frequent inversion trauma and sensations of giving way	Stress radiography with a Telos device	Talocrural tilt and subtalar tilt
Yamamoto et al38	4	Case control, between subject	23 unilateral CAI, 80 controls	None provided	Stress radiography with a Telos device	Talocrural tilt and subtalar tilt

^aCAI, chronic ankle instability; FAI, functional ankle instability.