Table 3.

Kakwani indexes by type of expenditures

Kakwani index by type of expenditures	2005	2006	2007	2008
Pharmaceuticals and medical devices	−0.235*** (−32.03)	−0.238*** (−32.39)	−0.240*** (−31.11)	−0.233*** (−30.99)
Formal payments for health care services	−0.004 (−0.19)	−0.024 (−1.21)	−0.096*** (−5.13)	−0.009 (−0.36)
Informal payments for health care services	−0.203*** (−10.04)	−0.182*** (−8.64)	−0.121*** (−5.07)	−0.200*** (−5.48)
Total expenditure on health care	−0.220*** (−32.79)	−0.224*** (−33.00)	−0.220*** (−29.94)	−0.215*** (−29.44)

Note: *** p < 0.01; t-statistics are in parenthesis.

The reform period (year 2007) is indicated by bold letters.