Table 1.
Genes involved in phototropism in Arabidopsis
| Gene | Protein function | Mutant phenotypea | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Photoreceptors | |||
| CRY (family) | Blue/UV-A light photoreceptor | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Lascève et al. (1999), Whippo and Hangarter (2004), Kang et al. (2008), Tsuchida-Mayama et al. (2010) |
| PHOT1/NPH1/JK224 | Blue/UV-A light photoreceptor | No root curvature, no hypocotyl curvature under low fluence rate blue light (LOF) | Khurana and Poff (1989), Okada and Shimura (1992), Liscum and Briggs (1995), Sakai et al. (2000) |
| PHOT2/NPL1 | Blue/UV-A light photoreceptor | Reduced hypocotyl curvature in the phot1 mutant background | Sakai et al. (2001) |
| PHY (family) | Red/FR/blue light photoreceptor | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Parks et al. (1996), Janoudi et al. (1997a, 1997b), Stowe-Evans et al. (2001), Whippo and Hangarter (2003), Tsuchida-Mayama et al. (2010) |
| Phototropin signaling components | |||
| CUL3 (family) | CULLIN3 | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Roberts et al. (2011) |
| EHB1 | C2/CalB Ca2+-binding domain | Enhanced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Knauer et al. (2011) |
| NPH3/RPT3/JK218 | BTB | No hypocotyl/root curvature under any light conditions (LOF) | Khurana and Poff (1989), Okada and Shimura (1994), Liscum and Briggs (1996) |
| PKS (family) | Unknown | Reduced hypocotyl/root curvature (LOF) | Lariguet et al. (2006), Boccalandro et al. (2008) |
| RPT2 | BTB | Reduced hypocotyl/root curvature (LOF) | Okada and Shimura 1992, Sakai et al. (2000) |
| RCN1 | PP2A | Enhanced phot2-mediating phototropic responses in hypocotyls | Tseng and Briggs (2010) |
| Auxin transporters and their regulatory factors | |||
| ABCB19 | ABCB auxin transporter | Enhanced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Noh et al. (2003) |
| AGC3 (family) | AGC kinase | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF and OE) | Ding et al. (2011) |
| AUX1/LAX (family) | Auxin influx carrier | Enhanced root curvature (LOF), reduced hypocotyl curvature in the nph4 mutant background (LOF), reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Okada and Shimura (1992), Watahiki et al. (1999), Stone et al. (2008), Christie et al. (2011) |
| GNOM | ARF-GEF | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Ding et al. (2011) |
| PIN2/AGR1 | Auxin efflux carrier | Enhanced root curvature (LOF) | Okada and Shimura (1994) |
| PIN3 | Auxin efflux carrier | Reduced (enhanced) hypocotyl curvature in etiolated (de-etiolated) seedlings (LOF) | Friml et al. (2002), Christie et al. (2011), Ding et al. (2011) |
| PIN7 | Auxin efflux carrier | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Christie et al. (2011), Ding et al. (2011) |
| Auxin action mechanisms | |||
| ABP1 | Unknown | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Effendi et al. (2011) |
| ARF7/NPH4 | Transcriptional factor | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Liscum and Briggs (1996) |
| ARF19 | Transcriptional factor | Recovered hypocotyl curvature in arf7 (OE) | Okushima et al. (2005), Stone et al. (2008) |
| AXR1 | Subunit of the RUB E1-activating enzyme | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Watahiki et al. (1999) |
| IAA19/MSG2 | Transcriptional repressor | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (GOF) | Tatematsu et al. (2004) |
| TIR1/AFB (family) | F-box protein | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (LOF) | Whippo and Hangarter (2005), Möller et al. (2010) |
| Others | |||
| ADG1 | ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase | Enhanced root curvature (LOF) | Vitha et al. (2000) |
| BAK | Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase | Reduced hypocotyl curvature (OE) | Whippo and Hangarter (2005) |
| BIG/TIR3 | Calossin-like protein | Reduced hypocotyl curvature under high fluence rate blue light (LOF) | Whippo and Hangarter (2005) |
| DELLA (family) | Transcriptional regulators | Reduced hypocotyl curvature under high fluence rate blue light (LOF) | Tsuchida-Mayama et al. (2010) |
| HY5 | bZIP transcriptional factor | Reduced (enhanced) hypocotyl curvature under low (high) fluence rate blue light (LOF) | Whippo and Hangarter (2005) |
| PGM1 | Phosphoglucomutase | Enhanced root curvature (LOF) | Vitha et al. (2000) |
| SPY | O-GlcNac transferase | Reduced hypocotyl curvature under low fluence rate blue light(LOF) | Whippo and Hangarter (2005) |
a Mutant phenotype caused by: GOF, gain of function; LOF, loss of function; OE, overexpression.