Table 1.
Study I: PFOA and pregnancy outcome based on birth records: characteristics of study population by pregnancy outcome, Mid-Ohio Valley, 1990–2004 [n (%)].
| Maternal characteristic | Stillbirth | PIH | Preterm < 37 weeks | Term LBW | SGA | All births | Estimated PFOA among all births (ng/mL) median (25th, 75th percentiles) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 106 | 224 | 3,613 | 918 | 353 | 8,253 | 7.7 (4.9, 17.2) | |||||||
| Exposure year | ||||||||||||||
| 1990–1994 | 28 (26) | 51 (23) | 1,068 (30) | 295 (32) | 117 (33) | 2,685 (33) | 7.0 (4.5, 17.7) | |||||||
| 1995–1999 | 49 (46) | 84 (38) | 1,170 (32) | 312 (34) | 124 (35) | 2,776 (34) | 7.9 (5.0, 16.4) | |||||||
| 2000–2004 | 29 (27) | 89 (40) | 1,375 (38) | 311 (34) | 112 (32) | 2,792 (34) | 8.2 (5.0, 17.6) | |||||||
| State of residence | ||||||||||||||
| WV | 88 (83) | 111 (50) | 1,470 (41) | 401 (44) | 157 (44) | 3,610 (44) | 10.2 (5.3, 19.8) | |||||||
| OH | 18 (17)a | 113 (50) | 2,143 (59) | 517 (56) | 196 (56) | 4,643 (56) | 6.3 (4.6, 13.4) | |||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| < 20 | 18 (17) | 29 (13) | 602 (17) | 186 (20) | 75 (21) | 1,330 (16) | 6.7 (4.7, 13.5) | |||||||
| 20–24 | 39 (37) | 67 (30) | 1,187 (33) | 321 (35) | 138 (39) | 2,743 (33) | 7.2 (4.9, 16.4) | |||||||
| 25–29 | 23 (22) | 69 (31) | 949 (26) | 209 (23) | 77 (22) | 2,185 (26) | 8.4 (4.9, 18.9) | |||||||
| 30–34 | 17 (16) | 44 (20) | 572 (16) | 128 (14) | 46 (13) | 1,346 (16) | 8.5 (4.9, 19.8) | |||||||
| ≥ 35 | 9 (8) | 15 (7) | 303 (8) | 74 (8) | 17 (5) | 649 (8) | 8.4 (4.9, 19.7) | |||||||
| Education (years) | ||||||||||||||
| < 12 | 21 (20) | 24 (11) | 772 (21) | 273 (30) | 113 (32) | 1,701 (21) | 6.9 (4.8, 14.3) | |||||||
| 12 | 51 (48) | 94 (42) | 1,518 (42) | 389 (42) | 134 (38) | 3,435 (42) | 7.5 (4.9, 17.3) | |||||||
| 13–15 | 24 (23) | 67 (30) | 865 (24) | 167 (18) | 68 (19) | 1,996 (24) | 8.3 (4.9, 19.8) | |||||||
| ≥ 16 | 10 (9) | 39 (17) | 458 (13) | 89 (10) | 38 (11) | 1,121 (14) | 8.3 (5.0, 17.2) | |||||||
| Parity | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 49 (46) | 137 (61) | 1,710 (47) | 457 (50) | 178 (50) | 3,801 (46) | 7.6 (4.9, 16.7) | |||||||
| 1 | 29 (27) | 46 (21) | 1,104 (31) | 271 (30) | 102 (29) | 2,668 (32) | 7.7 (4.9, 17.1) | |||||||
| ≥ 2 | 28 (26) | 41 (18) | 799 (22) | 190 (21) | 73 (21) | 1,784 (22) | 7.6 (4.8, 18.2) | |||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
| Smoker | 27 (25) | 32 (14) | 1,039 (29) | 430 (47) | 167 (47) | 2,364 (29) | 7.0 (4.8, 15.1) | |||||||
| Nonsmoker | 79 (75) | 192 (86) | 2,574 (71) | 488 (53) | 186 (53) | 5,889 (71) | 8.0 (4.9, 18.1) | |||||||
| Abbreviations: PIH, Pregnancy-induced hypertension; LBW, low birth weight. aSome Ohio residents delivered stillbirths in West Virginia. | ||||||||||||||