Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Groupa
| Characteristic | Outpatient (n = 88) | CHF (n = 43) | Acute hyperglycemia (n = 15) | p value overall | p value CHF versus outpatient |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46.0 ± 14.1 | 60.2 ± 12.1 | 41.7 ± 11.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 28 (31.8%) | 30 (69.8%) | 6 (40.0%) | 0.0002 | <0.0001 |
| Caucasian | 78 (88.6%) | 30 (69.8%) | 9 (60.0%) | <0.0001 | 0.013 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 6.1 | 37.3 ± 10.3 | 29.88 ± 9.59 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 23.3 ± 12.9 | 13.8 ± 7.8 | 13.3 ± 9.88 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 17 (19.3%) | 43 (100.0%) | 12 (80%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.2 ± 1.3 | 7.77 ± 1.79 | 12.3 ± 2.1 | <0.0001 | 0.36 |
| Hypertension | 41 (46.5%) | 39 (90.7%) | 10 (66.7%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 22 (25.0%) | 26 (60.5%) | 4 (35.3%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Retinopathy | 33 (37.5%) | 4 (9.3%) | 2 (17.6%) | 0.0016 | 0.0008 |
| Nephropathy | 30 (34.1%) | 7 (16.3%) | 5 (41.1%) | <0.0001 | 0.039 |
| Neuropathy | 31 (35.2%) | 17 (39.5%) | 13 (94.2%) | 0.95 | 0.85 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.02 ± 0.69 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.84 (±0.24) | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | -- | -- | 6 (40%) | -- | -- |
| Glucose data | |||||
| Admission glucose (mg/dl) | -- | 188.4 ± 61.1 | 508.8 ± 193.7 | <0.0001 | -- |
| First sensor glucose (mg/dl) | 182.8 ± 77.5 | 163.0 ± 66.7 | 177.6 ± 50.6 | 0.35 | 0.32 |
| Mean sensor glucose (mg/dl) | 180.1 ± 41.5 | 150.6 ± 36.1 | 180.3 ± 52.5 | 0.0008 | 0.0007 |
| CV (%) | 40.9 ± 7.6 | 21.1 ± 9.1 | 23.4 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| % time in hypoglycemia | 5.4 ± 5.8 | 0.38 ± 1.3 | 3.02 ± 8.96 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| MAD (mg/dl) | 16.3 ± 6.8 | 13.5 ± 5.3 | 30.0 ± 11.4 | <0.0001 | 0.098 |
| MARD (%) | 11.1 ± 5.0 | 9.6 ± 4.2 | 16.2 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 | 0.19 |
| Meter–sensor correlation (r) | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.85 | ||
a
Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Glucose values are in mg/dl.