Sustained NPQ accumulates when PSII photoinactivation outruns repair. Accumulated NPQs plotted versus the ratio of the photoinactivation rate constant for PSII (kπ) and the PsbA removal rate contant, for T. pseudonana cells grown at 30 μmol photons m−2 s−1, 12°C (open circle), 18°C (open upward triangle, diamond, downward triangle), or 24°C (open square) and C. radiatus cells grown at 18°C (closed upward triangle, diamond, downward triangle) or 24°C (closed square). NPQs and rate constants were estimated from samples taken during 90 min of exposure to 450 μmol photons m−2 s−1 blue light (circles, upward triangles, squares) or 450 μmol photons m−2 s−1 red light (diamonds), or 1,400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 white fluorescent light (downward triangles). n = 3 to 5, ±se for both x and y axes. Dotted line shows linear regression, R2 = 0.62.