Fig. 2.

a A CT scan of case 7 before the development of pulmonary NTM disease. Several nodules were observed in the right upper lobe (S2). b, c After 28 months of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) therapy (etanercept for 23 months and infliximab for 5 months), a thick-walled cavity has appeared in the right upper lobe (S1). Bronchiolectasis and tree-in-bud opacities are observed in the same segment (S1). Consolidation is also prominent in this lobe (S1 and S2). In addition, diffuse ground-glass opacities have appeared in both lungs, especially in the right upper lobe. These findings may represent additional foci of infection. d A chest radiograph after 5 months of anti-NTM treatment shows a good response