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. 2012 Mar;81(2):443–454. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01928.x

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© 2011 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society

Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

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Fig. 3 — Effects of changes in predation and harvest rates of Eurasian lynx, gray wolves, brown bears, red fox and hunters on roe deer and moose population growth rate in Scandinavia, resulting from a multi-level periodic matrix model of their demography. Estimates are based on baseline densities of 0·57 and 1·00 individuals per km² for roe deer and moose, respectively, and 0·4, 0·5 and 1·0 individuals per 100 km² for lynx, wolf and bear, respectively. No initial density estimate was available for the red fox.