Table 3.
Study characteristics.
| Study ID (reference number), PEDro score | Sample Size (n), intervention design |
Intervention (duration, frequency, intensity, session duration, sets of reps, equipment: exercises) | Outcome measure (¥ P value) | Authors conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Brooks et al. [17] PEDro: 7 |
Exercise: n = 31 RT + SC Control: n = 31 SC |
(i)16 weeks (ii) 3 d/week (iii) weeks 1–8: 60–80% of baseline 1RM; weeks 10–14: 70–80% of mid-study 1RM (iv) 45 min/session (5 min warmup; 5 min cooldown) (v) 3 sets of 8 reps (vi) 5 pneumatic machines: upper back, chest press, leg press, knee extension, and flexion |
Whole-body lean tissue mass (0.04) Lower body muscle strength (<0.001) Upper body muscle strength (<0.001) Muscle quality (<0.001) Type I fiber CSA (0.04) Type II fiber CSA (0.04) HbA1c (<0.001) Fasting insulin (0.27) Fasting glucose (0.92) Whole body strength (0.0001) |
16 weeks of RT resulted in musculoskeletal and metabolic improvements, and it is a mode of exercise worth considering as an adjunct to SC |
|
| ||||
| *Castaneda et al. [13] PEDro: 6 |
Exercise: n = 31 RT + SC Control: n = 31 SC |
(i) 16 weeks (ii) 3 d/week (iii) weeks 1–8: 60–80% of baseline 1RM; weeks 10–14: 70–80% of mid-study 1RM (iv) 45 min/session (5 min warmup; 5 min cooldown) (v) 3 sets of 8 reps (vi) 5 pneumatic machines: upper back, chest press, leg press, knee extension, and flexion |
Whole body fat mass (0.26) Total cholesterol (0.59) LDL cholesterol (0.13) HDL cholesterol (0.46) Systolic BP (0.05) Diastolic BP (0.52) |
RT was feasible among older adults with type 2 diabetes, and it resulted in improved metabolic control |
|
| ||||
| Dunstan et al. [53] PEDro: 4 |
Exercise: n = 16 RT + WL Control: n = 13 WL |
(i) 24 weeks (ii)3 d/week (iii) weeks 1-2: 50–60% 1RM; progress to: 75–85% 1RM (iv) 45 min/session (5 min warmup; 5 min cooldown) (v) 3 sets of 8–10 reps (minus abdominal curls) (vi) Free weights and multiple station weight machine; 9 exercises: bench press, leg extension, upright row, lateral pull down, standing leg curl with ankle weights, dumbbell seated shoulder press, dumbbell seated biceps curl, dumbbell biceps kickback, abdominal curls |
Total cholesterol (N/A) LDL cholesterol (N/A) HDL cholesterol (N/A) HbA1c (<0.01) Fasting insulin (N/A) Fasting glucose (0.06) Systolic BP (<0.05) Diastolic BP (<0.05) |
A 16-week progressive, high-intensity RT program was effective in improving glycemic control and muscle strength in older adults with T2DM |
RT: resistance training; SC: standard care; d: days; min: minutes; sec: seconds; b/w: between; reps: repetitions; UE: upper extremity;
LE: lower extremity; CSA: cross sectional area; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; WL: weight loss).
*Brooks et al. [17] and Castaneda et al. [13] include the same intervention and participants but different outcome measures.
¥ P value reported by the authors.