Table 6.
Summary of resistance training effect on outcome measures.
| Outcome | Hedge's g |
P value | Effect description (statistical significance) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease processes | −0.271¥ | 0.008 | Medium (significant) | ||
| BP (systolic/diastolic mmHg) | − 0.540 | <0.001 | Large (significant) | ||
| HbA1c (%) | −0.463 | 0.145 | Medium (not significant) | ||
| Total and LDL cholesterol | −0.464 | 0.002 | medium (significant) | ||
| Fasting glucose | −0.121 | 0.559 | Small (not significant) | ||
| Fasting insulin | 0.505 | 0.016 | Medium (significant) | ||
| HDL cholesterol | 0.134 | 0.517 | Small (not significant) | ||
| Body composition | 0.199 | 0.197 | Small (not significant) | ||
| Lean body mass | 0.395 | 0.220 | Small (not significant) | ||
| Fat body mass | 0.066 | 0.749 | Small (not significant) | ||
| Muscle strength | 1.05 | <0.001 | Large (significant) | ||
| Lower body muscle strength | 1.415 | <0.001 | Large (significant) | ||
| Upper body muscle strength | 0.974 | <0.001 | Large (significant) | ||
| Whole body muscle strength | 0.802 | 0.002 | Large (significant) | ||
|
| |||||
| *Further muscle measures | Exercise | Control | P value | ||
|
| |||||
| Quality | Baseline | 61 ± 27.8 | 51 ± 22.3 | <0.001 | |
| Final | 100 ± 33.4 | 48 ± 22.3 | |||
| Type I CSA (μm2) | Baseline | 4068 ± 1425.3 | 4546 ± 1503.3 | 0.04 | |
| Final | 4928 ± 2071.2 | 4381 ± 1692.6 | |||
| Type II CSA (μm2) | Baseline | 3885 ± 1547.8 | 4330 ± 1926.4 | 0.04 | |
| Final | 4605 ± 1575.7 | 4201 ± 1870.8 | |||
BP-blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CSA: cross sectional area.
¥Negative values denote a decrease in the outcome measure (i.e., this is a positive effect, since a reduction in disease processes, such as lowered BP, LDL, and HBA1c, indicates an improvement in disease management).
*Further muscle measures were not entered into CMA; all values are means ± SE, taken from [17].