Table 3.
Regression coefficients (95% confidence intervals) representing rate of decline in visual search from 43 to 60+ years per level increase in each health behavior at 36 and 43 years and per cumulative and change in health behavior scores.
| N (%) | Visual search decline 43 to 60+ (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Smoking at age: | |||
| 36 y | |||
| Non-smoking | 780 (76.6) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 1–20 c/day | 200 (19.6) | −1.90 (−11.77, 7.96) | −1.79 (−11.68, 8.09) |
| 20+ cig/day | 38 (3.7) | −18.70 (−39.27, 1.86) | −19.44 (−40.05, 1.17) |
| P value | 0.156 | 0.148 | |
| 43 y | |||
| Non-smoking | 816 (80.1) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 1–20 c/day | 159 (15.6) | −4.19 (−14.92, 6.53) | −2.73 (−13.55, 8.08) |
| 20+ cig/day | 43 (4.2) | −19.54 (−38.97, −0.12) | −18.52 (−38.00, 0.94) |
| P value | 0.060 | 0.103 | |
| Midlife score: | |||
| Non-smoker | 744 (73.0) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Moderate smoker | 252 (24.7) | −4.85 (−13.93, 4.21) | −4.82 (−13.93, 4.28) |
| Heavy smokers | 22 (2.1) | −24.80 (−51.61, 2.00) | −25.46 (−52.34, 1.42) |
| P value | 0.078 | 0.077 | |
| Change in smoking: | |||
| Non-smoker | 744 (73.0) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Increase | 55 (5.4) | −13.08 (−30.17, 4.00) | −12.78 (−30.02, 4.45) |
| Decrease | 79 (7.7) | −2.70 (−17.06, 11.64) | −2.65 (−17.09, 11.78) |
| Constant med/heavy | 140 (13.7) | −6.71 (−18.09, 4.67) | −5.82 (−17.44, 5.79) |
| P value | 0.374 | 0.455 | |
| Physical activity at age: | |||
| 36 y | |||
| Inactive | 324 (31.8) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Moderately active | 275 (27.0) | 2.69 (−7.29, 12.68) | 3.20 (−6.80, 13.20) |
| Most active | 419 (41.1) | 8.00 (−1.12, 17.13) | 8.47 (−0.70, 17.65) |
| P value | 0.081 | 0.067 | |
| 43 y | |||
| Inactive | 475 (46.6) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Moderately active | 251 (24.6) | −3.93 (−13.57, 5.69) | −4.37 (−14.03, 5.28) |
| Most active | 292 (28.6) | 11.84 (2.55, 21.12) | 11.18 (1.78, 20.58) |
| P value | 0.022 | 0.034 | |
| Midlife score: | |||
| Inactive | 221 (21.7) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Moderate | 608 (59.7) | 8.32 (−1.33, 17.97) | 8.76 (−0.95, 18.47) |
| Most active | 189 (18.5) | 16.71 (4.32, 29.10) | 17.00 (4.50, 29.51) |
| P value | 0.008 | 0.008 | |
| Change in activity: | |||
| Inactive | 221 (21.7) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Increase | 164 (16.1) | 14.45 (1.83, 27.07) | 13.78 (1.05, 26.50) |
| Decrease | 354 (34.7) | 7.58 (−2.87, 18.03) | 7.80 (−2.72, 18.34) |
| Constant mod/active | 279 (27.4) | 10.51 (−0.74, 21.77) | 10.46 (−0.92, 21.84) |
| P value | 0.127 | 0.157 | |
| Diet at age: | |||
| 36 y | |||
| Low-quality diet | 564 (55.4) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| High-quality diet | 454 (44.6) | −0.52 (−8.39, 7.34) | −1.74 (−9.67, 6.19) |
| P value | 0.896 | 0.667 | |
| 43 y | |||
| Low-quality diet | 521 (51.1) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| High-quality diet | 497 (48.8) | 0.59 (−7.23, 8.42) | −1.03 (−8.91, 6.84) |
| P value | 0.881 | 0.797 | |
| Midlife score: | |||
| Low-quality diet | 234 (22.9) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| High-quality diet | 784 (77.0) | 1.59 (−7.89, 11.09) | −0.64 (−10.28, 9.00) |
| P value | 0.741 | 0.896 | |
| Change in diet: | |||
| Low-quality | 234 (22.9) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Increase in quality | 330 (32.4) | 1.53 (−9.04, 12.12) | −0.69 (−11.45, 10.06) |
| Decrease in quality | 94 (9.2) | −1.23 (−16.11, 13.64) | −3.22 (−18.18, 11.74) |
| Constant high-quality | 360 (35.3) | 1.63 (−9.09, 12.36) | −1.39 (−12.31, 9.57) |
| P value | 0.972 | 0.978 | |
Model 1: model adjusted for sex, childhood social class, childhood cognition at age 8, SEP (own occupation and education), and depression.
Model 2: model 1 plus other lifestyle behaviors.