Table 1.

Results from the two-factor ANOVAs showing the influence of sex, predation and their interaction on time spent on all pairs of tested backgrounds in experiments 1–3: (i) matching (HO) versus mismatching background (VO), (ii) matching (HO) versus complex orientation (CO) and (iii) matching (HO) versus complex shape (CS). **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

source	d.f.	F	p
(i) experiment 1: horizontal (HO) versus vertical orientation (VO)
sex	1	2.96	0.091
predation	1	5.91	0.018*
interaction	1	1.10	0.30
residuals	56
(ii) experiment 2: horizontal (HO) versus complex orientation (CO)
sex	1	4.34	0.040*
predation	1	0.04	0.83
interaction	1	3.00	0.087
residuals	76
(iii) experiment 3: horizontal (HO) versus complex shape (CS)
sex	1	11.08	0.0013**
predation	1	2.08	0.15
interaction	1	1.72	0.19
residuals	76