TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies1
| First author, year of publication (reference) | Enrollment (completers) | Intervention |
Baseline intake | Intervention dose4 | Jadad score | |||||||
| Age2 | Men | BMI3 | Control group | Dairy group | Duration | Design | Energy control | |||||
| n | y | % | kg.m2 | Servings/d | Servings/d | mo | kcal/d | |||||
| Baran, 1990 (13) | 59 (37) | 30–42 | 0 | NA | Usual diet | Dairy supplement of 500–600 mg Ca/d | 1.22 | 1.22 | 36 | 3 | RP | No |
| Barr, 2000 (3) | 205 (200) | 55–85 | 35.5 | 25.9 | Usual diet | Three 8-oz servings of skim or 1% fluid milk to the usual diet5 | <1.5 | 2.25 | 3 | 3 | RP | No |
| Bowen, 2005 (14) | 69 (50) | 20–65 | 40 | 35.0 | Mixed diet containing 500 mg Ca/d | High-dairy diet containing 2400 mg Ca/d | NA | 4.2 | 4 | 3 | RP | First 12 wk ER + 4 wk EB |
| Buchowski, 2010 (15) | 40 (34) | 21–50 | 29.4 | 32.0 | Nondairy Ca: 500 mg/1500mg | Dairy Ca: 500 mg/1500 mg | NA | 2.21 | 3 | 4 | RC | 100–200 ER |
| Chee, 2003 (30) | 200 (173) | 50–65 | 0 | 24.0 | Habitual diet | Extra 50 g high-calcium skimmed-milk powder with 400 mL H2O | <2 | 1.67 | 24 | 3 | RP | No |
| Faghih, 2011 (25) | 50 (42) | 20–50 | 0 | 30.4 | Restricted diet | 3 servings (220 mL) low-fat milk (1.5%) | NA | 3 | 2 | 2 | RP | 500 ER |
| Ghadirian, 1995 (16) | 265 (158) | 50–90 | 0 | NA | Dairy-free diet | Dairy food diet providing 30 g protein | ≤1.72 | 3.57 | 1 | 2 | RP | No |
| Gilbert, 2011 (26) | 41 (25) | 25–50 | 0 | 33.0 | 1000 mg/d Ca and energy-equivalent placebo | Milk supplement (1% fat) | ≤1.77 | 2.37 | 6 | 4 | RP | 600 ER |
| Gunther, 2005a (17) | 155 (135) | 18–30 | 0 | 22.5 | Habitual diet | Medium dairy containing 1050 mg Ca/d or high dairy containing 1350 mg Ca/d | ≤1.77 | 2.65 | 12 | 3 | RP | No |
| Gunther, 2005b (18) | 26 (19) | 18–26 | 0 | 22.0 | Habitual diet | Nonfat or low-fat milk supplement containing 1000–1400 mg/d | ≤1.77 | 2.65 | 12 | 2 | RP | No |
| Harvey-Berino, 2005 (33) | 53 (44) | 18–60 | 7.5 | 30.0 | <2 dairy servings/d | 3–4 dairy servings/d | <1 | 2.5 | 12 | 4 | RP | 500 ER |
| Josse, 2011 (20) | 55 (46) | 19–45 | 0 | 32.0 | 0–1 serving/d | 3–4 and 6–7 servings dairy products/d | low | 5.24 | 4 | 3 | RP | 500 ER |
| Kukuljan, 2009 (27) | 180 (175) | 50–79 | 100 | 27.5 | Habitual diet | 400 mL reduced-fat (∼1%) milk | NA | 1.67 | 12 | 3 | RP | No |
| Lau, 2001 (31) | 200 (185) | 55–59 | 0 | 24.0 | Habitual diet | Extra 50 g high-calcium, low-fat, low-lactose milk powder with 400 mL H2O (1200 mg Ca) | NA | 1.67 | 24 | 2 | RP | No |
| Manios, 2009 (5) | 82 (75) | 55–65 | 0 | 30.5 | Habitual diet | 3 portions of low-fat dairy products, milk, and yogurt | NA | 3 | 12 | 2 | RP | No |
| Palacios, 2011 (6) | 20 (16) | 22–50 | 18.8 | 38.3 | Habitual diet | 4 daily servings of dairy products | 1.55 | 4 | 5.25 | 4 | RP | No |
| Rosado, 2011 (29) | 93 (69) | 25–45 | 0 | 34.8 | An energy-restricted diet with no intake of milk | Additional 3 servings of low-fat milk | <3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | RP | 500 ER |
| Stancliffe, 2011 (36) | 40 (40) | 22–52 | 47.5 | 36.7 | <0.5 dairy serving providing 600 mg Ca/d | >3.5 dairy servings containing 1200 mg Ca/d | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | RP | 0 |
| Thomas, 2010 (40) | 35 (29) | 29–45 | 0 | 29.1 | Low-calcium diet 3 d/wk | High-dairy-based calcium diet (≥1200 mg/d), 3 d/wk | ≤1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | RP | 250 ER |
| Thomas, 2011 (32) | 35 (29) | 29–45 | 0 | 29.1 | 6-oz isoenergetic sucrose beverage 3 d/wk5 | 6-oz serving of fat-free yogurt supplement 3 d/wk5 | NA | 0.64 | 4 | 2 | RP | 249 ER |
| Thompson, 2005 (34) | 59 (48) | 25–70 | 13.3 | 35.0 | <2 dairy servings/d | 4 dairy servings (≥2 fluid milk)/d | NA | 3 | 12 | 2 | RP | 500 ER |
| Van Loan, 2011 (37) | 78 (71) | 20–50 | NR | 32.5 | <1 dairy serving providing 460 mg Ca/d | >4 dairy servings containing 1339 mg Ca/d | ≤1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | RP | 500 ER |
| van Meijl, 2010 (39) | 40 (35) | 18–70 | 28.6 | 32.0 | 600 mL fruit juice and 43 g fruit biscuits/d | 500 mL low-fat (1.5%, wt/wt) milk and 150 g low-fat (1.5%, wt/wt) yogurt | <2 | 2.67 | 1 | 1 | RC | No |
| Wagner, 2007 (28) | NA (30) | 19–53 | 0 | 33.0 | Placebo capsules | Extra dairy servings of 1% milk containing 800 mg Ca/d | NA | 2.76 | 3 | 3 | RP | 500 ER exercise 3 times/wk |
| Wennersberg, 2009 (38) | 121 (113) | 30–65 | 32.7 | 30.0 | Habitual diet | 3–5 dairy servings | NA | 4 | 6 | 2 | RP | No |
| Zemel, 2004 (9) | 28 (21) | 18–60 | 15.6 | 34.9 | <1 dairy serving containing 500 mg Ca/d and a daily placebo supplement | 3 dairy servings containing 1200 mg Ca/d, with placebo | 1.2 | 2.5 | 6 | 3 | RP | 500 ER |
| Zemel, 2005a (35)6 | 39 (34) | 26–55 | 32.4 | 34.5 | <1 dairy serving containing 500 mg Ca/d | 3 dairy servings containing 1200 mg Ca/d, at least 1 fluid milk | NA | 2.5 | 6 | 3 | RP | No |
| Zemel, 2005a (35)6 | 36 (29) | 26–55 | 13.8 | 35.5 | <1 low-fat dairy serving containing 500 mg Ca/d | 3 dairy servings containing 1200 mg Ca/d, at least 1 fluid milk | NA | 2.5 | 6 | 3 | RP | 500 ER |
| Zemel, 2005b (7) | 38 (34) | 18–50 | 20.6 | 33.5 | <1 dairy serving providing 500 mg Ca/d | Three 6 oz fat-free yogurt, 1100 mg Ca/d5 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 3 | 3 | RP | 500 ER |
| Zemel, 2009 (8) | 70 (64) | 18–35 | 22.8 | 29.1 | <1 dairy serving providing 500 mg Ca/d | 3 dairy servings containing 1200 mg Ca/d | 1.33 | 2.5 | 3 | 1 | RP | 500 ER |
1
EB, energy balance; ER, energy restriction; NA, not applicable; RC, randomized crossover design; RP, randomized parallel design.
2
All values are ranges.
3
All values are means of baseline BMI.
4
Difference of total dairy intake between dairy intervention and control groups.
5
Eight ounces = 236.6 mL.
6
Zemel, 2005a (35) is listed twice because one subtrial was energy restricted and the other subtrial was for weight maintenance.