TABLE 5.
Relative hazard of lethal prostate cancer among 4282 men with an initial diagnosis of nonmetastatic prostate cancer by postdiagnostic intake of choline, choline-containing compounds, and betaine
| Quintile of intake |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend1 | |
| Choline | ||||||
| Events (n) | 36 | 63 | 52 | 59 | 61 | |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI)2 | 1.0 | 1.58 (1.04, 2.38) | 1.30 (0.85, 1.99) | 1.51 (1.00, 2.29) | 1.68 (1.11, 2.54) | 0.04 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI)3 | 1.0 | 1.61 (1.06, 2.44) | 1.26 (0.82, 1.94) | 1.33 (0.87, 2.03) | 1.55 (1.02, 2.36) | 0.16 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI)4 | 1.0 | 1.64 (1.06, 2.54) | 1.30 (0.80, 2.13) | 1.40 (0.82, 2.41) | 1.69 (0.93, 3.09) | 0.20 |
| Fat-soluble choline-containing compounds | ||||||
| Phosphatidylcholine | ||||||
| Events (n) | 43 | 52 | 61 | 50 | 65 | |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI)2 | 1.0 | 1.15 (0.76, 1.72) | 1.27 (0.86, 1.88) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.65) | 1.59 (1.07, 2.34) | 0.03 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI)3 | 1.0 | 1.11 (0.74, 1.68) | 1.27 (0.85, 1.89) | 1.01 (0.67, 1.53) | 1.39 (0.94, 2.07) | 0.16 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI)4 | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.74, 1.71) | 1.31 (0.84, 2.06) | 1.07 (0.62, 1.83) | 1.54 (0.84, 2.81) | 0.16 |
| Sphingomyelin | ||||||
| Events (n) | 43 | 49 | 50 | 76 | 53 | |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI)2 | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.66, 1.51) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.49) | 1.59 (1.09, 2.32) | 1.28 (0.86, 1.93) | 0.05 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI)3 | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.68, 1.55) | 1.01 (0.67, 1.52) | 1.57 (1.07, 2.30) | 1.23 (0.81, 1.85) | 0.10 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI)4 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.64, 1.51) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.52) | 1.48 (0.93, 2.37) | 1.13 (0.64, 1.98) | 0.46 |
| Water-soluble choline-containing compounds | ||||||
| Free choline | ||||||
| Events (n) | 47 | 54 | 65 | 58 | 47 | |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI)2 | 1.0 | 1.07 (0.72, 1.59) | 1.29 (0.88, 1.88) | 1.11 (0.75, 1.63) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.46) | 0.87 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI)3 | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.73, 1.61) | 1.21 (0.82, 1.77) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.61) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.45) | 0.78 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI)4 | 1.0 | 1.16 (0.77, 1.75) | 1.35 (0.86, 2.07) | 1.26 (0.79, 2.00) | 1.20 (0.72, 1.99) | 0.58 |
| Glycerophosphocholine | ||||||
| Events (n) | 38 | 59 | 54 | 66 | 54 | |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI)2 | 1.0 | 1.33 (0.88, 2.01) | 1.17 (0.77, 1.77) | 1.51 (1.01, 2.25) | 1.18 (0.78, 1.80) | 0.54 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI)3 | 1.0 | 1.38 (0.91, 2.09) | 1.29 (0.85, 1.96) | 1.59 (1.06, 2.37) | 1.27 (0.83, 1.93) | 0.38 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI)4 | 1.0 | 1.36 (0.89, 2.06) | 1.23 (0.79, 1.92) | 1.46 (0.91, 2.33) | 1.14 (0.65, 2.01) | 0.87 |
| Phosphocholine | ||||||
| Events (n) | 39 | 57 | 62 | 60 | 53 | |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI)2 | 1.0 | 1.32 (0.88, 1.99) | 1.45 (0.97, 2.17) | 1.34 (0.89, 2.02) | 1.22 (0.81, 1.85) | 0.52 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI)3 | 1.0 | 1.35 (0.89, 2.04) | 1.39 (0.92, 2.08) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.01) | 1.24 (0.81, 1.90) | 0.50 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI)4 | 1.0 | 1.38 (0.90, 2.11) | 1.40 (0.90, 2.18) | 1.34 (0.81, 2.20) | 1.27 (0.71, 2.28) | 0.60 |
| Betaine | ||||||
| Events (n) | 43 | 63 | 53 | 60 | 52 | |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI)2 | 1.0 | 1.23 (0.83, 1.81) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.56) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.62) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.63) | 0.98 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI)3 | 1.0 | 1.15 (0.77, 1.70) | 1.03 (0.68, 1.55) | 1.07 (0.71, 1.59) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.64) | 0.86 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI)4 | 1.0 | 1.16 (0.78, 1.73) | 1.07 (0.70, 1.62) | 1.12 (0.74, 1.69) | 1.08 (0.70, 1.67) | 0.92 |
Calculated by modeling the median of each quintile as a continuous term.
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age at diagnosis (y, continuous), energy (kcal/d, quintiles), time period (2-y intervals), and time since diagnosis (y, continuous).
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for the variables in model 1 plus treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or other/active surveillance), Gleason sum (≤6, 7, ≥8, or missing), clinical T-stage (T1, T2, or T3), BMI (in kg/m2; <25, 25–29.9, ≥30, or missing), smoking (never, former, or current), and vigorous activity (metabolic equivalent task-hours/wk; quartile rank).
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for the variables in model 2 plus quintile ranks of intakes of calcium, coffee, phosphorus, saturated fat, cholesterol, and polyunsaturated fat.