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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA. 2011 Aug 17;306(7):737–745. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1142

Table 2.

Incidence rates and hazard ratios (95% CIs) for cigarette smoking and bladder cancer by sex

Men Women
Category Person-
years
N Age-standardized
incidence rates/105
person-years (95% CI)
Multivariate
adjusted HR*
(95% CI)
Person-
years
N Age-standardized
incidence rates/105
person-years (95% CI)
Multivariate
adjusted HR*
(95% CI)
Never smoked cigarettes, pipes, or cigars 677,607 461 69.8 (63.4–76.1) 1.00 (ref) 821,064 133 16.1 (13.4–18.8) 1.00 (ref)
Never smoked cigarettes but smoked pipes or cigars 148,810 143 92.5 (77.3–107.7) 1.29 (1.07–1.56) 635 0 --- ---
Former smoker (overall) 1,540,789 2,483 154.6 (148.5–160.7) 2.14 (1.92–2.37) 70,595 288 40.7 (36.0–45.5) 2.52 (2.05–3.10)
     Stopped ≥ 10 years ago 1,237,120 1850 140.2 (133.8–146.7) 1.93 (1.73–2.14) 499,493 171 33.6 (28.6–38.6) 2.08 (1.65–2.61)
     Stopped 5–<10 years ago 197,325 394 206.9 (186.4–227.4) 2.85 (2.49–3.27) 127,140 69 55.7 (42.5–68.9) 3.49 (2.61–4.67)
     Stopped 1–5 years ago 106,344 239 243.3 (212.2–274.4) 3.32 (2.84–3.89) 79,292 48 65.2 (46.7–83.7) 3.97 (2.85–5.53)
     1–10 cigarettes/day 314,144 309 96.6 (85.8–107.3) 1.33 (1.15–1.55) 273,297 80 29.4 (22.9–35.8) 1.80 (1.36–2.38)
     11–20 cigarettes/day 476,611 709 142.3 (131.8–152.8) 1.90 (1.68–2.15) 214,073 88 41.2 (32.6–49.8) 2.50 (1.91–3.27)
     21–30 cigarettes/day 324,709 596 180.4 (165.9–194.9) 2.40 (2.11–2.72) 110,881 66 61.1 (46.3–75.9) 3.75 (2.78–5.04)
     31–40 cigarettes/day 222,928 448 197.4 (179.1–215.7) 2.62 (2.29–2.99) 63,451 29 46.8 (29.7–63.9) 2.86 (1.91–4.28)
     > 40 cigarettes/day 202,397 421 205.7 (186.1–225.4) 2.71 (2.36–3.10) 44,223 25 60.4 (36.6–84.3) 3.65 (2.38–5.60)
Current smoker (overall) 323,114 809 276.4 (256.9–295.8) 3.89 (3.46–4.37) 300,996 206 73.6 (63.4–83.8) 4.65 (3.73–5.79)
     1–10 cigarettes/day 66,437 131 204.5 (169.4–239.6) 3.11 (2.54–3.80) 94,120 53 58.3 (42.5–74.0) 3.81 (2.76–5.25)
     11–20 cigarettes/day 120,202 319 281.9 (250.7–313.1) 4.14 (3.56–4.81) 127,433 88 72.2 (57.0–87.4) 4.78 (3.64–6.27)
     21–30 cigarettes/day 75,950 204 295.4 (253.9–336.8) 4.34 (3.66–5.16) 53,174 44 88.6 (62.0–115.2) 5.93 (4.20–8.37)
     31–40 cigarettes/day 43,407 113 283.1 (228.6–337.6) 4.33 (3.50–5.35) 20,666 17 98.3 (49.3–147.3) 6.02 (3.62–9.99)
     > 40 cigarettes/day 17,118 42 271.5 (185.3–357.7) 4.14 (3.00–5.70) 5,605 4 66.4 (0–132.9) 5.19 (1.92–14.05)
*

Adjusted for age, education, ethnicity, and pipe and cigar use.

Linear trend tests across categories of cigarette smoking were conducted by assigning participants their appropriate category of cigarette smoking and entering this variable as a continuous term in the regression model. P-values were then obtained from the Wald test. All p-values for the test of trend were less than 0.0001.

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