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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA. 2011 Aug 17;306(7):737–745. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1142

Table 4.

Relative risks of incident bladder cancer for current smokers relative to never smokers in previously published studies from United States prospective cohorts*

Author, reference,
year
Cohort Sex Years Mean
age
Never smokers
in cohort
(N; %)
Cases in
never
smokers
(N; %)
Current
smokers in
cohort
(N; %)
Cases in
current
smokers
(N; %)
Typical amount of
cigarettes smoked per
day (among current
smokers)
RR†† (95%CI) for
current smoking
Alberg et al,44,2007 Washington County MD Men & women 1963–1978 4745 11,722; 26% 20; 22% 20,037; 44% 48; 52% 29% >20 cig/day 2.7 (1.6–4.7)
Chyou et al, 46, 1993 Japanese men in Hawaii Men 1965–1991 5447 2,410; 30% 17; 18% 3,495; 44% 60; 63% 77% ≥20 cig/day48 2.86 (1.67–4.91)
Mills et al, 49, 1991 Seventh Day Adventists Men & Women 1976–1982 5450 26,059; 76% 25; 52% 1,129; 3% 4; 8% 32% ≥25 cig/day, ** 5.67 (1.73–18.61)
Alberg et al, 44, 2007 Washington County MD Men & women 1975–1994 4845 15,249; 32% 40; 23% 17,006; 35% 67; 39% 31% >20 cig/day 2.6 (1.7–3.9)
Tripathi et al, 51, 2002 Iowa Women’s Health Study Women 1986–1998 6252 24,723; 66% 42; 38% 5,619; 15% 45; 41% 16% >20 cig/day, **,53 4.23 (2.76–6.70)
Michaud et al, 54, 2001 Health Professionals Follow-up Study Men 1986–1998 5355 24,035; 49%56 70; 23% 4,648; 9% 44; 14% 33% > 25 cig/day,55 2.81 (1.85–4.27)
Cantwell et al, 41, 2006 Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study Women 1987–2000 55 27,691; 57% 62; 44% 7,826; 16% 30; 21% 54% >20 cig/day57 2.44 (1.56–3.80)
Summary Estimate Men & women 276 298 2.94 (2.45–3.54)
*

Not all data on this table was available in the original publication which examined the association of smoking and bladder cancer. For publications which lacked some of these variables, we identified other publications from the same cohort containing the desired information; references for these publications are marked where appropriate.

Summary relative risk and 95% confidence intervals are from random effect models. The I2 statistic for heterogeneity across studies was 0.0% and the Cochran Q test p-value for between study heterogeneity was 0.554.

Calculated from person-years in the original publication

**

Cigarettes smoked per day for both former and current smokers together.

††

Alberg and Cantwell used Poisson regression models, Chyou, Mills, and Tripathi used Cox proportional hazards regression, and Michaud used logistic regression.

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