Table 2.
The effect of developmental and environmental risk factors in the prediction of alcohol and cannabis initiation, initial average use, and changes in average use over time. Results based on standardized beta (β) coefficients with standard errors (SE) from the two-part random effects model. Significant betas are bolded.
| Alcohol |
Cannabis |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds of initiating |
Initial average use |
Changes in average use |
Odds of initiating |
Initial average use |
Changes in average use |
|||||||
| Risk factors | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | P | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | P |
| Age at interview | −.07(.03) | .057 | −.01(.01) | .050 | .01(.01) | .108 | .01(.03) | .867 | −.05(.07) | .507 | .30(.10) | .002 |
| Genetic risk factors | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol|cannabis | 12(.04) | .001 | .16(.03) | .000 | −.04(.05) | .379 | .13(.03) | .000 | .08(04) | .050 | .09(.06) | .137 |
| Externalizing disorder | .04.04) | .331 | .05(.04) | .301 | .02.06) | .767 | .13(.04) | .002 | .12(.06) | .043 | −.03(.10) | .779 |
| Childhood environmental | ||||||||||||
| Church Attendance 8–17 yrs | −.06(.04) | .092 | −.05(.04) | .207 | .01(.05) | .882 | −.02(.04) | .615 | −.01(.06) | .846 | −.07(.09) | .455 |
| Household drug use | .02(.04) | .550 | .13(.08) | .118 | −.01(.10) | .897 | .06(04) | .095 | .07(.06) | .229 | −.05(.08) | .534 |
| Parental Attitudes toward drugs | .05(.04) | .208 | .06(.05) | .265 | −.17(.06) | .006 | .02(.04) | .570 | −.08(.05) | .119 | .04(.07) | .595 |
| Physical or sexual abuse | −.06(.03) | .070 | −.16(.15) | .285 | −.01(.17) | .947 | .02(.03) | .546 | −.05(.04) | .273 | .05(.06) | .478 |
| Temperamental and symptom | ||||||||||||
| Disruptive behavior 15–17 yrs | −.01(.04) | .814 | .02(.05) | .725 | −.06(.06) | .302 | −.06(.04) | .131 | .00(.05) | .947 | .02(.08) | .799 |
| Neuroticism | .01(.04) | .711 | .00(.05) | .938 | .03(.07) | .695 | .00(.04) | .959 | .01(.06) | .902 | −.05(.10) | .614 |
| Sensation seeking | − .10(.04) | .004 | .05(.04) | .193 | .04(.05) | .388 | .09 (.04) | .017 | .03(.05) | .597 | .09(.08) | .246 |
| Early onset anxiety disorder | − .11(.04) | .002 | −.01(.11) | .963 | .13(.13) | .294 | −.04(.04) | .264 | −.01(.05) | .875 | −.03(.08) | .742 |
| Personal, family and social | ||||||||||||
| Conduct disorder 15–17 yrs | − .11(.05) | .025 | − .11(.05) | .031 | −.09(.06) | .159 | .06(.04) | .190 | .01(.06) | .821 | −.02(.08) | .840 |
| Parental monitoring | −.07(.04) | .052 | −.08(.05) | .080 | .03(.06) | .534 | − .11(.04) | .005 | − .25(.06) | .000 | .15(.10) | .124 |
| Peer group deviance 15–17 yrs | − .30(.04) | .000 | .17(.04) | .000 | −.02(.05) | .708 | .13(.05) | .007 | .04(.07) | .535 | −.05(.09) | .626 |
| Alcohol|cannabis availability | .04(.04) | .237 | .08(.05) | .122 | −.04(.07) | .609 | .36(.04) | .000 | .45(.08) | .000 | − .25(.12) | .034 |
Note: Models were fitted in Mplus using 15 abscissae for integration to balance the need for computational speed and optimal model convergence.